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DIALOGUES AND DICTIONARIES 1 

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French and English Vocabulary, for 
Zaat. 2nd. Ed. 1857. Cloth." . . 
xmmar. 8vo. 1856 


tra- 


FRANZ THIMM. 

3 Brook Street, New Bond Street. "W. London. 











A NEW 



PRACTICAL AM) EASY METHOD 



OF LEARNING 



THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE. 



AFTER THE SYSTEM 
OF 

F. AHN, 

A 

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND PROFESSOR AT THE COLLEGE 
OF NEUSS. 



LONDON: 

, FKANZ THIMM, 

FOREIGN PUBLISHER, 3 BROOK STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE. W. 

1857. 






GIFT 
eOL. C. M. TOWN SEND 
OCT. 22. 194© 






PREFACE. 



„Learn a foreign language as you learned your mother- 
tongue." It is the way that nature herself follows, it is the 
same which the mother points out in speaking to her child, 
repeating to it a hundred times the same words, combining 
them imperceptibly and succeeding in this way in making it 
speak the same language she speaks. To learn in this man- 
ner is no longer a study, it is an amusement. This is in a 
few words the Method which Prof. Ahn has so successfully 
adopted in his continental Grammars. 

The Editor of this Grammar has followed the rational 
System, which has already procured for Prof. Ahn a Euro- 
pean reputation, and he has adopted it for the Study of the 
Portuguese Language. He is greatly indebted to the excellent 
Grammars by Bosche, Muller, etc., which he has used for 
the ground work of this Grammar and it is hoped that its 
simplicity and utility will procure for it that favour, which 
the German, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Dutch 
and Latin Grammars of Prof. Ahn have already found in the 
Colleges and Schools of England. 

The Editor. 

The Copyright for England, France and Germany is 
secured. 



INDEX. 



FIRST COIRSE. 

Page 

The Pronunciation 1 

PART I. 

Declension of the definite Article 7 

Declension of the indefinite Article 8 

Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions 9 

On the Gender 10 

Masculine 10 

Feminine Substantive , . 11 

Formation of the Plural 14 

Declension of Substantives 18 

The Adjective 20 

The Plural of -Adjectives 21 

The Comparison of Adjectives 23 

Irregular Comparisons 24 

Declension of the Adjective 24 

The Numbers 26 

1. The Cardinal Numbers 26 

2. The Ordinal Numbers 27 

3. Fractional Numbers 27 

4. Proportional Numbers 28 

5. Collective Numbers 28 

Pronouns 30 

1. Personal Pronouns 30 

2. Conjunctive Pronouns 31 

3. Mixed Pronouns 31 

4. Possessive Pronouns 33 

5. Demonstrative Pronouns 34 



Pna-e 

6. Relative Pronouns 35 

7. Interrogative Pronouns 36 

8. Indefinite Pronouns 37 

PART II. 

Collection of Words 41 

Easy Dialogues 47 



SECOND COURSE. 

Verbs 58 

The Auxiliary Verbs 58 

The Regular Verbs 69 

Active Verbs 69 

The Passive Verbs 79 

The Neuter Verbs 79 

The Reflective Verbs 80 

Irregular Verbs 84 

Impersonal Verbs 107 

Adverbs 108 

1. Adverbs of Time 108 

2. Adverbs of Place 108 

3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison 108 

4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind 109 

5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation 109 

Prepositions Ill 

Conjunctions 113 

Interjections 114 

Reading Lessons 115 

Idiomatic Expressions with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc. 121 



FIRST COURSE. 



The Pronunciation. 





1. The Alphabet. 






The Portuguese Alphabet is composed 
ing letters: 


of the 25 follow- 




pronounced 






pronounccd 


a 


ah 


n 




ennay 


b 


bay 










c 
d 


say 
day 


P 




pay 

kay 


e 
f 


ai 
effay 


r 

s 




erray 
essay . ] 


9 
h 


jay 

aghah 


t 
u 




tay 

00 


i 
3 


ee 
dshod 


V 
X 




vay 

shees 


k 
I 


kah 

ellay 


y 




ypsilon 
zea. 


m 


emmay 








There 


are six vowels: a, e, i, o, u 


anc 


y, the rest are 


consonants. 










2. The 


Accent. 








The Portuguese language has several accents: 
the ' acute accent, 
the A circumflex accent, 

the " hyphen, called til, is set over some letters as a substitute 
for m, as : la for lam — be for bem — hud for Imam. 

AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 1 



3. The Vowels. 

A I. is pronounced like the a in the English word path, 
when it has the acute accent ' : 

did, tea — da, he gives — Id, there. 

2. is it pronounced short and clear like the a in father: 

capitao, the captain (first a), 

or if found hefore the double consonants: cc, 11, mm, 

nn, pp, ss, tt, as: 

acclamar, to call out — annullar, to annull 
alludir, to allude — ■ appellar, to appeal. 

3. it has a soft and aspirated sound at the end of words 
if not accentuated : vergonha, the shame. If the hyphen 

til stands over the a it takes a nasal sound: 
irmaa (pr. irmang), the sister — la (pr. lang), the world. 

E has three sounds: 

1. open but short like at in the English word hail, when 
with the acute accent ' as: 

pe, foot — fe, belief — se, 
or in: mel, honey — he, he is 

quero (pr. kayro), I will, 
or in those verbs ending in er: 

conhecer, to know — receber, to receive. 

2. long, when with the circumflex * over it, as: 

le', he reads — ve, he sees — rede, the net. 

3. It is almost mute at the end of words without the ac- 
cent, as: 

liberdade, liberty — amizade, friendship. 

I is pronounced like e in the English word me, and it is 
only the accent that determines the pronunciation, as: 
timido, timore, diffkil, javali. 

has three sounds: 

1. clear and strong in: molho, do. 

2. soft and long in: 

bolo, cake — gordo, fat — raposa, the fox (fern.). 

3. quite short, almost like oo in : 

poder, to be able — molho, a bundle 
almost pronounced like molyou. 

\ is pronounced like the oo in the word wood, but the 
pronunciation depends much upon the length of the 



3 

syllables, f. i. in tumulo, the grave, the first u is long, 
the second is short. If provided with the til ~ and he- 
fore m and n it takes the nasal sound. 

If it follows after g and q, it is either aspirated, or 
it is quite mute, as: guerra (gerrah), war — quero 
(kayro), I will — quieto (key-eh-to), quite. In qual, it is 
slightly sounded to distinguish it from the Noun cal, the 
chalk. 

X is pronounced like the vowel /. 

4. The Consonants. 

B is pronounced like the English B. 

C before a, o, u, I and r is pronounced like k, as: 

cavallo (kahvallo), the horse — cravo (krahvo), the pink 

cuidado (kooeedado), the care. 
Before e and i it sounds like s, as: 

ceo (sayoj, heaven — cigarro (seegarro), cigar. 
If the c before a, o, u has a cedille (c) it sounds like 
s, as: 

caca (kassah), chase — ago (asso), the steel 

acucar (assookar), sugar. 
The double c, is distinctly heard only before e and i, the 
first sounds like k, the second like s, as : 
accidente (akseedente), the accident. 

D is pronounced like the English. 
F do. do. 

G before a, o and a consonant is pronounced like the English 

g, as: gordo, fat — gravo, grave. 
g before e and i sounds like the j in the English word 

joy, as: general, 
gua almost sounds like the English wa, as: guarda, pr. 

gwarda. 

U is only softly aspirated in few words, as: anhelar, hdltio; 
otherwise it is mute, as: 

homem (oraera), man — hora (ora), hour. 
Many writers drop the h at the beginning and write urn, 
uma, instead of: hum, huma. 

J is pronounced like the English j. 



K only occurs in foreign words and is pronounced like the 
English K. 

L is pronounced like the English L. 

M at the beginning of words, or between two vowels when 
it belongs to the second syllable, is pronounced like the 
English m, as: meniuo, child — amar, to love. 

It takes a nasal sound at the end of words, or when 
it follows after a, e, i, o or u which cannot well be de- 
scribed, as: condicao, condition — hem (bang), well — 
bom (bong), good. 

N is pronounced like the English n, but has the same pecu- 
liarities as m. 

P is pronounced as in English. 

Q sounds like k, as: qucro (kayro), I will. 

It is pronounced as in English. 

S is pronounced as in English; between two vowels it sounds 
like z. 

T is pronounced like the English. 
V do. do. 

X has three sounds. 

\. It sounds generally like sk, as: 

xarope (sharope), syrup — enxaqueca (anshakeykah), 

headake. 

2. After e it is pronounced like ks, as: 

extencao, extenuado, expulso, excellente. 

3. Between two vowels it is pronounced like gz, as: exac- 
tamente, exornar, except in: paixao, puxo, Alexandre, 
baixo, and some other words, where it sounds like sh. 

The x must be pronounced so softly that it is 
scarcely audible. 

Z sounds like the English, as: zelo, zona. — At the end of 
words it sounds like s, as* rapaz, luz, voz. 



5. Double Consonants. 

The Portuguese language has the following double con- 
sonants : 



Ch 1. is pronounced like the English ch, as: 
acho, chaga, marchar. 
2. it is pronounced like k in words derived from Latin 
or Greek, as: 

monarchic!, archeo, archonte, Achilles. 

Lh is pronounced like the 11 in the English word billiards 
or in the French words „fille, bouilli", as: 
mulher, woman — molho, the bundle. 

Nh is pronounced like the French gn in „espagne, peigner", 
?, I win — banho, bath — vianha, trick. 



Ph is pronounced like f, as: phil 

Rh and Th are pronounced like r and t. 



6. The Diphthongs. 

The Portuguese language has two kinds of diphthongs: 
the pure, those which are distinctly pronounced, and the 
nasal diphthongs, pronounced with a nasal sound. 

Pure Diphthongs. 
ae, as: taes, olivaes. 

ai (the a and i do not blend), as: pax (pa-i), ai (a-i). 
ao, as: pdo (pa-o), mdo (ma-o). 
au, — aula, auto, pauta, causa. 
ei, ey, — rei, rey, lei, sei. 
ei, — papeis, reis. 
co, — deo, mordeo, viveo. 
eo, — Ceo, veo, reo. 
eu, — eu, euro, meu, seu. 
io, — pio, rio, vio, ouvio. 
oa, — loa, toa. 
oe, — lieroe, doe, roe. 
oi, — boi. 
do, oo, — voo, soo, moo. 
ou, — on, ouvir, douto. 
ui, uy, — fui, Rui. 

In the above the first vowel is preeminent, in the follow- 
ing the second vowel has most emphasis. 
ca, as: lactea, area. 
co, — lacteo, arboreo. 



ia, as: gloria. 

oa (pron. od and od), as: agoa, coadura, coalho. 

ui (pron. ui), as: quirinal, inquirir. 

uo (pron. uo), as: equoreo. 

uu (pron. uu), as: equuleo. 

Nasal Diphthongs. 

aa (bad orthography am or an), as: ma$da (mas-sang), apple, 

irmaa (ir-mang), sister. 
ae (bad ami, am), as: capitaes (kapeeta-engs), captains, 

caes (ka-engs), dogs. 
am, as: amparo (ang-paro), protection. 
an, as: andar (ang-dar), to go. 
ao (bad orthogr. ao, am, an), as: captiao, captain. 
em, ee, eem, as: lem or leem (lay-eng), they read. 

bem, good. 
im, as: fim (fing), the end. 

oe (oem, oen), as : poe (pong-eng), na$oes (nahs-so-engs). 
om, as: bom (bong), good. 
urn, iin, as: mundo (moong-do), the world. 

The Portuguese have also syllables of three vowels such, as: 
eei, eio, eao, iao, 

as: eia, hallo! — meia, half — ideia, idea — rodeao, they 
surround — vivido, they lived. 



PART I. 



o, the (masc.) 

a, the (fern.) 

pai, father 

mm, mother 

bom (in.), boa (f.), good 



irmao, brother 
irmaa, sister 
e, and 
/*e, is 



Exercises. 

pai. A mai. irmao. A irmaa. pai he bom, e 
a mai he boa. bom pai, a boa mai. bom irmao, a 
boa irmaa. irmao he bom, a irmaa he boa. 



meu, minha, my — alto, great — ■ pequeno, little. 

The sister is good. The father and the good brother. 
The good mother and the little sister. The great brother. 
My brother is little. My little brother. My mother and my 
good sister. My father and my mother. My good mother 
and my little sister. 



3. 
Declension of the definite Article. 



Masculine. 



Singular. 


I 


Norn, o, the 


OS 


Gen. do, of the 


dos 


Dat. ao, to the 


a os 


Ace. o, the 


OS 


Abl. do, from the. 


dos 



Plural. 



Feminine. 



Singular. 
Norn, a, the 
Gen. da, of the 
Dat. a, to the 
Ace. a, the 
Abl. da, from the. 



Plural. 



as 
das 



as 
das. 



Declension of the 


indefinite Article. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Nom. um, a 


uma 


Gen. de um, of a 


de uma 


Dat. a um, to a 


d uma 


Ace. um, a 


uma 


Abl. de um, from a 


de uma. 



mo$a, girl 
bonito, pretty 
cavallo, horse 
agulha, needle 
faca, knife 
leao, lion 
tigre, tiger 
leopardo, leopard 
sao, are (from ser) 
animal, aes, animal 
feroz, wild 
estado, situation 
no (em o), in, Dat. 



Vocabulary. 

miseravel, miserable 

em, in 

que, which 

elle, he 

estd, is (from estar) 

ella, she 

na (em a), in the 

rua, street 

garfo, fork 

estao, are (from estar) 

nas (em as), in, Ace. 

gaveta, drawer 

tenho, I have 



lido, read 

/sso, this 

nos (em os), in, Ace. 

livro, book 

passeio, I go 

2>efo fj?or oj, through 

the 
entrou, he came 
pefe (^or a), through 
porta, gate 
60/, ox 
vaca, cow. 



pai he alto. -A mai he pequena. A moca he bonita. 
cavallo do pai. A agulha da iriMa. A faca do irmao. 
leao, [tigre e leopardo sao animaes ferozes. No estado 
miseravel em que elle esta\ Ella esta" na rua. Os garfos 
estao nas gavetas. Tenho lido isso nos livros do C. Passeio 
pelo campo. Elle entrou pela porta. Um boi. Uma vaca. 



9 



V o c a ] 
nolicia, the news 
muito, very 
nobre, noble 
cao, dog 
labrao, bark 
rosa, rose 

mais hello, more beautiful 
do que, than 
tulipa, tulip 
verao, summer 
quente, hot 
inverno, winter 
rigoroso, severe 
passaro, bird 
cantao, sing 
fl^MJfl, eagle 



5. 

b u 1 a r y. 

afor, hawk 

ave de rapina, bird of prey 

ignorancia, ignorance 

erro, error 

superstfyao, superstition 

deixei, I left behind 

Ha, aunt 

cewwa, bed 

menino, crian$a, child, baby 

o bra$o, the arm 

carta, letter 

mao, hand 

secretario, secretary 

saltar, to jump 

janella, window. 



The news is good. The horse is a very noble animal. 
The dogs bark. The roses are more beautiful than the tulips. 
The summers are hot and the winters severe. The birds 
sing. The eagle and the hawk are birds of prey. Ignorance 
is the mother of error, of superstition, and of prejudice. I 
left my hat in the carriage. The aunt is in bed. She had 
her child in her arms. He gave the letter into the hands of 
the secretary. He jumped out of (pela) the window. I see 
a man and a woman. A garden and a house. 



the foil 
from 



Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions. 

The Portuguese contract the Article and Preposition in 



owing way: 












de o is 


formed 


do 


from 


em o is 


formec 


no 


de a - 


- 


da 


- 


em a - 


- 


na 


de os - 


- 


dos 


- 


em os - 


- 


nos 


de as - 


- 


das 


- 


em as - 


- 


nas 


a o 


- 


ao 


- 


por o - 


- 


pelo 


a a 


- 


a 


- 


por a - 


- 


pela 


a os - 


- 


aos 


- 


por os - 


- 


pelos 


a as - 




as 




por as - 




pelas. 



10 



0. 



On the Gender. 



the names of all 
cupations of men. 

Imperador, emperor 
foi, was (from ser) 
morto, killed 
Rei, king 
chegou, he arrived 
hontem, yesterday 
jesuita, the Jesuit 
fortio, they were 
expulsado, expelled 



Masculine 

masculine persons, animals, and the oc- 



Vocabulary. 

homem, man 

nao ama senao, only 

loves 
a si mesmo, himself 
Carlos, Charles 
foi, was 

Frederico, Frederick 
ambicioso, ambitious 
ferreiro, the smith 



diligeyte, diligent 
alfaiate, tailor 
preguicoso, lazy 
gordo, fat 
gallo, the cock 
mais forte, stronger 
de que, than 
gallinha, hen. 



Imperador Paulo foi morto. El-Rei chegou hontem. 
Os jesuitas forao expulsados. homem nao ama senao a si 
mesmo. Carlos foi grande e Frederico ambicioso. ferreiro 
he diligente e o alfaiate preguicoso. boi he muito gordo. 
leao he muito feroz. gallo he mais forte do que a 
gallinha. 



duque, duke 
proclamado, proclaimed 
principe herdeiro , hereditary 

prince 
morreo, died 
marcineiro, the joiner 
mrpinteiro, the carpenter 
trabalhao, they work 
Luiz, Lewis 
Henrique, Henry 
poderoso, powerful 
touro, the bull 
matado, killed 
vigilante, watchful 



Vocabulary. 

bello, formoso, beautiful 

sanguinario \ 

sanguinoso > bloodthirsty 

sanguinolento ) 

marido 1 hugband 

esposo i 

doente, ill 

tio, uncle 

sahio (sahir), went out 

avo, grandfather 

primo, cousin 

filho, son 

dao, they take 

passeio, walk. 



11 



The Duke of Braganza was proclaimed king. The heredi- 
tary prince died. The joiner and the carpenter work. Lewis 
was brave, and Henry powerful. The hull was killed. The 
watchful dog. The beautiful horse. The tiger is very blood- 
thirsty. The husband of this woman is very ill. The uncle 
went out. The grandfather, the father, the cousin and the 
son took a walk. 



8. 

Feminine Substantive. 

The names of all feminine persons, animals and the oc- 
cupations of women are feminine. 



Imperatriz, empress 
Rainha, queen 
estavao, they were 
igreja, church 
duqueza, duchess 
banho, bath 
alfaiata, sempstress 
concerto,, mends 



Vocabulary. 

vestido, dress 
filha, daughter 
tia, aunt 

avo, grandmother 
neta, granddaughter 
jar dim, garden 
rapariga, little girl 



feia, ugly 
mulher, woman 
obseqw'oso, good 
vaca, cow 
da, gives 
kite, milk 
chocando, hatching 



A Imperatriz e a Rainha estavSo na igreja. A duqueza 
esta no banho. A alfaiata concerta um vestido. A mai e a 
filha, a tia e a prima, a av6 e a neta estao no jardim. A 
rapariga nao he feia. A mulher he muito obsequiosa. A 
vaca da leite. A gallinha esta chocando. 



abbadessa, abbess 

fallou, spoke 

freira I 

religiosa 

sor 

mosteiro 

convento 

princeza, princess 



nun 



convent 



estar para, was on the point 



9. 
Vocabulary. 

partir, to depart 

condeca, the countess 

casa, house 

costureira, needlewoman 

pespontar, hems 

lenco de pescoco, neckhand- 

kerchief 
esposa, the wife 
negociante, merchant 



12 



muitas vezes, frequently 

caprichoso, capricious 

criada, the servant 

varre, sweeps 

cozinha, kitchen 

cabra, goat 

animal domestico, domestic 

animal 
gata, cat 

est a brincando, plays 
com, with 

cachorra, young dog 
minha, my, fem. 
prima, cousin, fern. 
irmaa, sister 
theatro, theatre 



leoa, lioness 

juba, the mane 

est a, this 

egoa, mare 

mais bello, more beautiful 

cavallo capado, the stallion 

Maria, Mary 

nao Ae tao, is not so 

come, as 

Marianna, Maryanne 

Inglaterra, England 

sabio, wise 

soberana, sovereign 

cozinheira, cook 

mercado, market 

diligente, diligent. 



The abbess spoke with the nuns of the convent. The 
princess was on the point of departing. The countess was 
not at home. The needlewoman hems my pockethandkerchief. 
The wife of the merchant. The women are often very capri- 
cious. The servant sweeps the kitchen. The goat is a do- 
mestic animal. The cat plays with the young female dog. My 
cousin (fem.) and my sister were at the theatre. The lioness 
has no mane. This mare is more beautiful than that stallion. 
Mary is not so diligent as Maryanne. Elisabeth of England 
was a wise sovereign. The cook went to market. 



In Portuguese some of the names of animals are occa- 
sionally masculine and feminine; to denote the gender the 
words macho, male, or femea, female, are used, as: 
elephante macho, the male elephant, 
elephante femea, the female elephant. 
Those Substantives ending in a and aa are feminine. 



10. 
Exercises. 
Esta casa 1 tern uma boa 2 apparencia 3 . A rosa ' he muito 
bella. A boca 5 , a orelha , a cabeca 7 , a testa 8 e a barba 9 sao 



1 house. 2 good. 3 appearance. 4 rose. 
S forehead. 9 chin. 



5 mouth. 6 ear. 7 head. 



i;; 



partes 10 do corpo n humano 12 . A janella 13 esta aberta 14 . 
Esta agulha 15 he fina de mais 10 . Esta tinta nao presta para 
nada. CH" ir o aparar 17 uraa penna 18 . Tenho 1 '' que escrever 20 
uma carta 21 . Faca-me o favor 2 ' 2 de me emprestar 23 una folha 
dc papel 21 . A garrafa 25 esta na mesa 20 . Esta cerejeira 27 
carrega 28 muito. Esta uva 29 esta madura 30 . Esta vinha 31 
esta em optima 32 exposieao 33 . 

10 part. 11 body. 12 human. 13 window. 14 open. 15 needle. 
16 is too fine. 17 mend. 18 pen. 19 I have. 20 to write. 
21 letter. 22 do me the favour. 23 lend. 24 sheet of paper. 
25 bottle. 26 table. 27 cherry tree. 28 bears. 29 grape. 30 
ripe. 31 vine. 32 the best. 33 situation. 



11. 
The butter 1 is fresh 2 . With your permission 3 . The cup' 
is not washed 3 . I have the honour 6 . The beer 7 is excellent 8 



The oyster 9 is fresh, 
beautiful ,2 morning 13 . 
the most agreeable 17 
be 20 abundant 21 . 



Bring me 10 a wafer 11 . — We have a 

The door 1 '' is locked 15 . Spring 10 is 

time of the year 18 . The harvest 19 will 



1 manteiga. 2 fresco. 3 licenca. 4 chicara. 5 levado. 6 honra. 
7 cerveja. 8 excellente. 9 ostra. 10 traga me. 11 obrea. 12 
Undo. 13 manhaa. 14 porta. 15 fechado. 16 primavera. 17 a 
mais agradavel. 18 estacao. 19 colheita. 20 ha de ser. 21 
•abundante. 



12. 

Exceptions. 

The following Substantives ending in a are masculine: 

o drama, the drama 
o mappa, the map 
o idioma, the idiom 



o aroma, the aroma 

o axioma, the principle 

o did, the tea 

o clima, the climate 

o cometa, the comet 

o dia, the day 

o diadema, the diadem 



o planeta, the planet 
o poema, the poem 
o thema, the theme. 



Those Nouns ending in e, are generally masculine, 
except : 

1. those ending in ade, as: verdade, truth, etc., 



14 

2. those ending in ie or ice, as: a velhice, the age, 

3. those ending in accented e, as: a chemine, a chimney. 

Nouns ending in i, y, o, u as well as those ending in /, 
r, s and z are with few exceptions all musculine. 
Those ending in do, are hoth masculine and feminine. 



13. 
Formation of the Plural. 

Nouns ending in a, e, i, y, o, u and da form their plural 
by adding an s to the singular. As: a rosa, as rosas; a arte, 
as artes; o filho, os filhos. 



Examples. 

As rosas sao mais bellas que as tulipas. Os rios cor- 
rem 1 por terras despovoadas 2 . As arvores sao muito frond o- 
sas 3 . As villas sao ornadas 4 de duas igrejas. Eu nao vi os 
pentes 5 . Os hahitantes" destas comarcas 7 sao Indios 8 . Elles 
tern macaas. Novos reis, novas leis. Deixei os bahus nos 
coches. Os ribeiros 9 , algumas lag6as'° e mesmo certos rios 
ficao em secco u . 

1 flow. 2 depopulated. 3 leaved. 4 ornamented. 5 comb. 6 in- 
habitants. 7 district. 8 Indian. 9 brook. 10 lake. 11 dry out. 



14. 
These houses please me more than those edifices'. The 
villages 2 and towns in this district 3 are not very numerous 4 . 
The oxen 3 , cows, goats, sheep 6 and cats 7 are domestic ani- 
mals. There are 8 many wild boars 9 , deer 10 and hares 11 in 
these forests 12 . The cranes 13 and storks 14 are birds of pas- 
sage 15 . The huts 16 are made 17 of the trunks of trees 18 . 

1 edificio. 2 aldea. 3 regiao. 4 numeroso. 5 boi. 6 ovelha. 7 
galo. 8 ha. 9 javali. 10 veado. 11 lebre. 12 bosque. 13 grou. 
14 cegonha. 15 ave de arribacao. 16 barraca. 17 feito. 18 
tronco d'arvore. 

15. 
Substantives ending in do, form their plural in oes, 
as: a condi^ao, condition, as condi$des. 



15 

Exceptions are: 

Allan do, the German, Allemaes 

Cataldo, the Catalonian, Cataldes 

cdo, dog, cdes — pdo, bread, pdes 

capitdo, captain, capitaes — tabellido, notary, tabellides. 

The following only adtl an s in the Plural: 
aide do, the peasant 



ando, the dwarf 
ana'do, the age 
a benrdo, the blessing 
christao, Christ 
cortezao, the courtier 
grdo, the corn 



irmdo, the brother 
mao, the hand 
orfao, the orphan 
orgao, the organ 
pagao, the heathen 
rabdo, the radish 
villdo, the villain. 



16. 
Examples. 
Elle abrio 1 communicoes entre as cidades e os sertoes 2 . 
Os seroes 3 sao cumpridos. districto he proprip 4 para to- 
das as produccoes agrico!as\ As terras sao plantadas e se- 
meadas 7 de feijoes 8 e melo'es* Os Allemaes fizerao 10 muitas 
invencoes 11 uteis 12 . Os capitaes nao querem obedecer 13 ao 
general. Aqui 14 estao tres paes 15 . Os Cortezaos lisonjao 1<; 
ao principe 17 . Os primeiros orgaos forao construidos 18 por 
urn Allemao em 1312. Eis aqui 19 os dous 20 villaos. As ca- 
sas sao ornadas de balcoes 21 de ferro. Aos orphaos manda- 
se 22 aprender 23 urn officio 24 . 

1 open. 2 the interior of the country. 3 evening-. 4 is suitable. 
5 agricultural produce. 6 planted. 7 sowed. 8 black bean. 9 
melon. 10 make. 11 invention. 12 useful. 13 obey. 14 here. 
15 bread. 16 flatter. 17 the prince. IS constructed. 19 here 
are. 20 two. 21 balcony. 22 one lets: 23 learn. 24 a hand- 
icraft. 



17. 

The passions' of women are often very violent 2 . The 

navigation 3 extended 4 , at the beginning 5 , only along the coast. 

Many revolutions 6 have broken out 7 in Europe in recent times 8 . 

The conditions 9 were rejected 10 . These places 11 are situated 

1 paixao. 2 violento. 3 navegacao. 4 estender. 5 no principio. 
6 revolucao. 7 rebentar. 8 no ultimo tempo. 9 condicao. 10 
rejeitar. 11 povoacao. 



10 



in the interior of the country 1 ' 2 . The hunters' 3 took 14 the 
dogs to the chase 15 . The Catalonians inhabit an important ,G 
province of Spain 17 . The notaries 18 protest 10 the hills of ex- 
change 20 . His brothers were not at home' 21 . The first Chris- 
tians were much persecuted 22 . The heathens are still very 
numerous 23 . The radishes are very dear. 

12 no interior do paiz. 13 cacador. 14 levar. 15 caca. 16 con- 
sideravel. 17 Hespanha. 18 tabelliao. 19 protestar. 20 lellra 
de cambio. 21 em casa. 22 perseguir. 23 numeroso. 



Substantives endin 



18. 
' in: 



al, ol, ul change I into es, as: a sinal, as sinaes 
el change I into is, as: amid, anneis 
il change I into s, as: o funil, os funis. 



confer, contain 
sal, salt 

mandar, to order 
furriel, lieutenant 
amizade, friendship 
encontrar, to meet 



Examples. 
primavera, spring 
terrestre, earthly 
muitas vezes , fre- 
quently 
o funil, the funnel 



ao pe, with 
barril, the barrel 
mandou, had (let) 
por, erect 
pharol, lighthouse. 



As aguas contem differentes saes. Os animaes domesti- 
cos. Os generaes mandavao aos furrieis. Os coroneis esta- 
vao no conselho de guerra. Os varios sinaes de sua amizade. 
Nao se encontra muitos caracoes nesta primavera. Os males 
terrestres sao muitas vezes quasi insupportaveis. Os papeis 
estao na mesa. Os funis estao ao p6 dos barris. impe- 
rador mandou por pharoes. 



19. 

The poignards 1 are ground 2 . These fishing rods 3 are good 

for nothing 4 . The goldsmith brought the rings 5 . The painter 6 

has many brushes. Three consuls governed 7 France in 1S03. 

The barrels 8 are full 9 . The officers 10 were very much dissa- 

1 punhal. 2 amolar. 3 oanzol. 4 nJo valem nada. 5 anuel. 6 pin- 
lor. 7 governar. 8 barril. 9 cheio. 10 official. 



17 

lisfied 11 . There are'- different chalks' 3 . I like 14 pies'"'. — 
They will discover" your tricks 17 . 

11 descontenle. 12 ha. 13 cal'. 14 cu goslo. 15 pastel. 10 des- 
cubrir. 17 ardil. 



20. 

Suhstantives ending in m, change their plural into ns, as: 
hem, the treasure, bens — viagem, the journey, viagens. 

Those ending in r, s and z, add es to the singular, as: 
a colher, the spoon, as colheres — ar, the air, ares 
deos, a God, deoses — perdiz, the partridge, perdizes; 

except: 
ourives, the goldsmith, ourives — caliz, the chalice, cah'ces 
alferes, the ensign, alferes. 



Examples. 

As margens' \erdej3o 2 com a relva 3 dos prados 4 . Elle 
fez 5 muitas viagens. Elle possue G muitos hens de raiz 7 na 
cidade e fora della 8 . Todos os homens sao mortaes 9 . Os 
sons dos instruments musicos. Os jejuns' nao engordao 11 . 
ceo 12 se cobre 13 de nuvens 14 . Os moradores 15 commer- 
ciSo lc em 17 madeiras de construccao' 8 . Comprei 19 duas colhe- 
res de prata. As Imperatrizes de Russia e d'Austria chegci- 
r5o 20 . Atire 21 a esse bando 22 de perdizes. Os Deoses se 
ajuntSo 23 no Olympo. Quasi 24 todos os freguezes 25 sao In- 
dios. Ha quatro calices na igreja. Os piratas 2u infestavao os 
mares. 

1 bank. 2 green. 3 turf. 4 meadow. 5 made. 6 possess. 7 
(landed) property. 8 out of it. 9 mortal. 10 fasting. 11 to 
make fat. 12 sky. 13 covered. 14 cloud. 15 inhabitants. 16 
deal. 17 with. 18 limber. 19 to buy. 20 to arrive. 21 short. 
22 flock. 23 assemble. 24 almost. 25 customer. 26 pirates. 



21. 

I hear 1 sounds 2 . The sun 3 hides" itself behind 5 thick 
clouds 7 . We have four ducks 8 . The passages 9 are locked 10 . 
The pictures 11 of Saints in this church are very numerous. 

1 ouvir. 2 torn. 3 sol. 4 esconder. 5 de. 6 grosso. 7 nuvem. 

8 pato. 9 passagem. 10 fechar. 11 imagem. 
AU> T , Portuguese Grammar. 2 



IS 



I offer 13 you my con- 
gratulations 14 . The air (pi.) is always 15 pure' 6 in this Coun- 
try. I have eaten 17 four 18 quails 19 . He showed 20 me the 
scars 21 of his wounds 22 . In a battalion 23 there are eight 
ensigns. The goldsmiths came together. The chalices of the 
flowers. I was many times 21 in your house. The belligerent 25 
powers. 

12 bagagem. 13 dar. 14 parabem. 15 sempre. 16 puro. 17 co- 
mido. 18 qnatro. 19 codorniz. 20 mostrar. 21 cicatriz. 22 
ferida. 23 batalhao. 24 vez. 25 belligeranle. 



22. 
Declension of Substantives. 



Singula r. 
Masculine. 
Nom. o homem, the man 
Gen. do homem, of the man 
Dat. ao homem, to the man 
Ace. o homem, the man 
Abl. do homem, from the man 



Feminine. 
a mulher, the woman 
da mulher, of the woman 
a mulher, to the woman 
a mulher, the woman 
da mulher, from the woman. 



Plural. 



Nom. os homem, the men 
Gen. dos homem, of the men 
Dat. aos homem, to the men 
Ace. os homem, the men 
Abl. dos homens, from the men. 



I as mulheres, the women 
j das mulheres, of the women 
as mulheres, to the women 
I as mulheres, the women 
i das mulheres, from the women. 



Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 



Deos, God 
de Deos, of God 
a Deos, to God 
(a) Deos, God 
de Deos, from God. 



Deoses, Gods 
de Deoses, of Gods 
a Deoses, to Gods 
(a) Deoses, Gods 
de Deoses, from Gods 



chaveo, the hat 
offerecer, to offer 
batalha, the battle 



23. 

Examples. 
inimigo, enemy 
jardim, garden 
luva, glove 



conde, count 
deixar, to leave 
mordomo, steward 



adular, to flatter 
lisongeiro, the flat- 
terer 
de sorte, in such a 

manner 
igualur, to compare 
deo, gave (from dar) 



19 

granite, sound, great 
bofetada, box on the 

ear 
calt; ado, paved 
fizerao, they made 
cruel, cruel 



guerra, war 
eomprar, to buy 
toro, book 
livreiro, bookseller 
rancor, the rancor, 
enmity. 



pai nao esta em casa. chapeo do irmao. ge- 
neral offereceo batalha ao inimigo. A mai ama a sen filho. 
A irmaa esta no jardim. As luvas da mai. conde nada 
deixou ao seu mordomo. Adulando urn lisongeiro ao Impera- 
dor Sigismundo, de sorte que o igualava a Deos, o Imperador 
deo ao lisongeiro uma grande bofetada. As ruas sao calca- 
das. Os Portuguezes fizerao cruel guerra aos Indios. A mu- 
lher comprou o livro do livreiro. rancor dos Franceses 
contra os Inglezes. 



24. 
Exercises. 



The father loves' his daughter 2 . Mary loves her friend 3 
(fern.). The eyes of Caroline equal 4 two stars . He gave the 
money to the woman, and paid the tailor 7 at the same time 8 . 
Two streams 9 of the province are designated 10 by this name 11 . 
Various estates 12 are touched 13 by this river. These offers 14 
have been made to the Colonists 15 . He delivered 10 the letter 17 
to the secretary 18 . The Madeira is the most importent 19 tri- 
butary 20 of the Amazon river 21 . The name of the Islands. 
The town is situated 22 on the left bank 23 of the river. The 
harbour 24 of Rio de Janeiro is the most beautiful ornament 25 
of the city. 

1 amar. 2 filha. 3 amiga. 4 igualar. 5 dous (fern. duas). 6 es- 
trella. 7 alfaiate. 8 ao mesmo tempo. 9 ribeiio. 10 assignar. 
11 nome. 12 fazenda. 13 regar. 14 offerecimento. 15 colono. 
16 entregar. 17 carta. 18 secretario. 19 cabal, importaate. 20 
tributario. 21 rio do Amezonas. 22 jazer. 23 na margem es- 
querda. 24 porto. 25 oinato. 



25. 
On the Augmentatives and Diminutives. 
The Portuguese language has the peculiarity of the Ita- 



20 

lian and Spanish languages in making Substantives and Ad- 
jectives, by the addition of a syllable augmentative or dimi- 
nutive. 

I. Augmentativos. 

homem, a man — homemzarao, a large, powerful man 
tolo, a fool — toleirao, a great fool 

mulher, the woman — mulherona, a large masculine woman 
tola, the foolish woman — toleirona, a very foolish woman. 

II. Diminulivos 
are formed by changing the final vowel into „inho": 
casa, the house — casinha, a pretty little house 
homem, a man — homemzinho, a little man 
bieho, a worm — bkhinho, a little worm 
coilado, a poor man — coitadinho, a poor little fellow 
bonilo, pretty — bonitinho, rather pretty; 

others are formed by adding: zinho, zinha or sinho, inha, as: 
coracao, the heart — coracaozinho, dear little heart 
wo, the dog — caozinho, pretty little dog 
irmao, the brother — irmaozmho, dear little brother 
cabeca, the head — cabecinha, pretty little head 
mao, the hand — maozinha, pretty little hand. 



26. 
The Adjective. 

The Adjectives in Portuguese agree with the Substantives 
in gender and number. 

1. Adjectives ending in e, I and z, remain unchanged in the 
feminine, as: forte, strong; grande, great; crnel, cruel; 
amavel, amiable. 

2. Adjectives ending in o change the feminine into a, as: 
o bonito, the pretty, a bonita. 

3. Those ending in t\, m and r, add an a in the feminine, 
as: cm, raw, crua — nu, nude, nua 

nm, a, uma — nenlmm, none, nenhuma 

troidor, traitorous, traidora — protector, protectora. 



Adjectives ending in do change to aa in the feminine, 
as: htruo, brilliant, hirda — sdo, healthy, saa. 



27. 
The Plurals «f Adjectives 



re formed 


in the same manner as (he plural 


»f .Nouns, a 




S i n g u 1 a i 




PI 


ural. 


Muse. 




Fem. 


Sase. 


FfcnY. 


forte, 


strong, 


forte 


fortes, 


fortes 


yordo, 


fat, 


yorda 


yordos, 


y or das 


cru, 


raw, 


crua 


eras, 


cruas 


sdo, 


healthy, 


saa 


sdos, 


sdas 


igual, 


equal, 


iyual 


iyuaes, 


iyuaes 


amavel, 


amiable, 


amavel 


amaveis, 


amaveis 


civil, 


civil, 


civil 


civ is, 


civis 


alyum, 


any one, 


alyuma 


alguns, 


alyumas 


protector, 


protected, 


protector a 


protectores, 


protectoras 


capaz, 


capable, 


capaz 
b s e r v a t i t 


capazes, 
ns. 


capazes. 



1. The following add s to the plural: 

medo, mediocre — tempordo, timely 
sdo, healthy — villdo, bad. 

2. The following change il into eis in the plural, as: 

ayil, swift — aquatil, aquatic — debil, weak 
difficil, difficult — docil, docile — ductil, pliant 
esteril, sterile — facil, easy — fertil, fertile 
fossil, fossil — frayil, fragile — futil, futile 
habil, clever — iynobil, disgraceful — immobil, im- 
moveable 
itidocil, stupid — inhabil, awkward — inutil, useless 
inverosimil , unlikely — portatil, portable — reptil, 

reptile 
util, useful — verosimil, probable — versalil, changeable 
volatil, volatile — volubil, voluble. 

o. Simplez, single, forms its plural in simplez and sim- 
plices. 



22 

28. 
Examples. 

A ma principal. As ruas principaes s5o calcadas. A 
igreja nova. A nova igreja. homem velho 1 . A mulher 
velha. Os Indios atemorisados 2 . As mulheres Indias. A 
bella e grande cidade. sobrinho 3 moribundo 4 . A victoria 
gloriosa. Este homem he mui villao e aquella mulher mui 
villaa. As mulheres sao amaveis, os homens mui crueis. Um 
moco nu e uma crianca nua. homem he affavel e a mu- 
lher he tambem affavel. genio contraditor e a observacao 
contraditora. A filha he gorda e o filho he gordo. Os ho- 
mens eslao saos e as mulheres saas. povo tranquillo e 
soffredor 5 . A sombria raiva 6 do Philippe. Os velhos bandos 
hespanhoes 7 . Algumas 8 embarcacoes 9 que tinhao servido de 
piquetes 10 . Uma satisfaccao inexplicavel. A igreja he uma 
das mais bellas do reino 11 . As aguas mineraes. termino 
he fertil. filho unico. A religao christaa. Um cavalheiro 12 
christao 13 . A igreja de Santo Antonio he dedicada ao santo 
do seu nome. A margem 14 direita. A guarda 15 nacional. 
sobredito 16 districto. As grandes plantacoes 17 de cannas 18 . 
A pequena 19 aldea 20 . Santos he uma cidade maritima a mer- 
cantil. As autoridades militares e civis. rio aurifero. 

1 old. 2 frightened. 3 nephew. 4 dying. 5 suffering. 6 hatred. 
7 Spanish. 8 some. 9 vessel. 10 watch. 11 reign. 12 knight. 
13 Christian. 14 shore. 15 the guard. 16 above named. 17 
plantations. 18 sugar. 19 little. 20 village. 



29. 
Exercises. 



The rich 1 man and the poor 2 woman. The pretty house- 
The large church 3 . The fertile fields 4 . The shoemaker is 
very industrious. The leafy 5 trees 6 . The wounded 7 soldier 8 . 
The beautiful bridges 9 . The numerous 10 products. The old 
uncle 11 and the fat aunt 12 . The horses are very handsome. 
The day is very bright 13 . The climate is very agreeable 14 . The 
winter 15 in Siberia 10 is very rigorous 17 . The geographical 18 
and historical 19 Institute 20 . The tall man and the little woman. 

1 rieo. 2 pobre. 3 igreja. 4 campo. 5 frondoso. 6 arvore. 7 
l'erido. S soldado. 9 ponte. 10 numeroso. 11 tio. 12 tia. 13 
claro. 14 agradavel. 15 inverno. 16 Sibiria. 17 rigoroso. 
18 geographico. 19 historieo. 20 instituto. 



23 

The above named 21 royal decree". The generous' 23 feelings 21 . 
The enormous 25 forests' 20 . Some 27 sombre and broad 2S rivers. 
The only 29 ornament. The warlike 30 Indians. Tbe preced- 
ing 31 article 32 . The sea is very rough 33 . The following 3 ' 
day. The following days. He is silent 35 and grave 3 ". The 
deep 37 love 38 . 

21 niencionado. 22 alvara. 23 generoso. 24 sentimento. 25 im- 
mense). 26 selva (silva). 27 uns, umas. 28 largo. 29 unico. 
30 bellicoso. 3t precedentc. 32 aitigo. 33 agitado. 34 seguinte. 
35 silencioso. 36 grave. 37 profundi). 3S amor. 



30. 
The Comparison of Adjectives. 

The Comparative is formed by placing mais (more) 
or menos (less) before tbe Positive, as: 

beflo, beautiful, mais hello, more beautiful. 

Obs. „Than" following the Comparative is rendered by 
que, como, or: tao — como, as — as; nao tao — como, not 
so — as; before the particle que the word do is often pre- 
fixed, as: 

he mais prudente do que parece, 

he is wiser than it appears. 

The Superlative is formed 

1. by placing the article before the Comparative, as: 

o mais douto, the most learned 
o mais hello, the most beautiful; 

2. by adding to the Positive issimo (masc.) and issima (fern.), 
as: hello, beautiful, bellissimo, hellissimq. 



Exceptions are: 



acre, harsh, acerrimo 
amigo, friendly, amicissimo 
antigo, old, antiquissimo 
aspero, rough, asperrimo 
horn, good, honissimo 
capaz, capable, capacissimo 
celebre, celebrated, celeberrimo 



chiio, Hat, clumissimo 
feliz, happy, felicissimo 
fiel, faithful, jidelissimo 
frio, cold, frigidissimo 
kumilde, humble, humilissimo, 

kumillimo 
mdo, bad, malissimo 



24 



nobre, noble, nobilissimo 
prospero, prosperous, prosper 

rimo 
rico, rich, riquissimo 
sabio, wise, sapientissimo 



sagrado, sacred, sacratissimc 
salubre, salutary, saluberriim 
simples, simple, simplicissimo 
valente, brave, valentissimo. 



3J. 

Irregular Comparisons. 

Positive. Comparative. 

bom, good, melhor, better, 
mdo, bad, peior, worse, 

grande, great, maior, greater, 
pequeno, little, menor, less, 

Obs. The Positive and Comparative can be strengthened 
by placing before it: 

muito, very — assaz, enough — demasiado, too, too much. 



Superlative. 
optimo, the best 
pessimo, the worst 
maximo, the greatest 
minimo, the least. 



Norn. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 



32. 
Declension of the Adjective 

M a s c u 1 i n e. 

Singular 
o homem diligente 



do homem diligente 
ao homem diligente 
o homem diligente 
do homem 



Plural. 
os homens diligentes 
dos homens diligentes 
aos homens diligentes 
os homens diligentes 
dos homens diligentes 



CO g. 

3 S- 



Feminine. 



Norn. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 



Singular. 
a mulher gorda \ g" ,*, 
da mulher gorda l " a 
a mulher gorda / 1 g 
a mulher gorda 3 ►S 
da mulher gorda ) | f 



Plural. 
as mulheres gordas 
das mulheres gordas 
as mulheres gordas 
as mulheres gordas 
das mulheres gordas 



3-3 



25 

33. 
Examples. 

A Asia he mais grande que a Europa. A Africa he me- 
uos povoado 1 que a Europa. A rosa he mais hella que a 
viola. A viola 2 he menos bella que a rosa. Pedro he mais 
feliz do que Joao. filho nao he tao liberal como sen pai. 
A historia he tao util como agradavel. dia he mais agra- 
davel que a noite 3 . seu amaute he mais hello, mais moco 4 
e mais rico que ella. Eu acho o agora menos Undo 5 do que 
quando o comprei . meu livro he tao harato 7 como o vosso. 
Elle he muito mais grande. Ella he pouco mais grande. Cae- 
sar he muito mais estimado 8 que Pompeo. Pompeo foi muito 
menos feliz que Caesar. Elle he o mais clouto dos homens. 
Elle he o menos douto dos homens. Ella he a mais bella 
das mulheres. Ella he muito amavel. Estas cadeiras 10 sao 
feitas 11 de optima madeira 12 . Esta mulber he boa, o marido 
he melhor e o filho he o optimo. Elle he o felicissimo dos 
mortaes. clima he saluberrimo. He homem valentissimo. 
filho he rico, o pai he riquissimo. neto 13 he mao, o 
primo u he ainda peior e o tio he o pessimo. Na margem 
do rio ha optimos pastos 15 . 

1 populated. 2 violet. 3 night. 4 young'. 5 pretty. 6 to buy. 
7 cheap, 8 esteemed. 9 learned. 10 chair. 11 made. 12 wood. 
13 grandson. 14 cousin. 15 pasture. 



34. 

Exercises. 



Mariana is more industrious 1 than her sister 2 . Europe 
is not so large as America. The wife is handsomer than 
her husband 3 . This horse is very beautiful, more beautiful 
than yours. The most fertile fields. His cousin is very rich, 
his uncle is still richer, and his father is the richest. The 
man is very bad 4 , the woman is worse, and the son is the 
worst. This wine is good, but that one is better. She is 
much taller than her friend 5 . The tulip is not so beautiful 
as the rose. The son is little, but the daughter is very little 
indeed (pequenissimo). Our house is not so large as yours. 
Amelia is smaller than her brother. The best ship 7 . The 

I diligente. 2 irmaa. 3 marido. 4 mao. 5 amiga. 6 tulipa- 
7 navio. 



26 



worst man. The bravest knight. The simplest 8 man in the 
world . This 10 man is very wise, and that" one is the wisest 
of all. The climate of Siberia is very cold. The summer' 2 
is in that country hotter and the winter 13 more rigid 1 '. A 
great part 13 and the greater part. The turf 10 is very green' 7 , 
but the trees 18 are still greener. I do not write so well as 
he. This man speaks 19 as well as Cicero 20 . The English 21 
horses are better than the French. Arabia has the best 
horses. It is commendable 22 to recommend virtue 23 , but it is 
better to practise 2 '' it. 

8 simples. 9 no mundo. 10 este. II aquelle. 12 verao. 13 in- 
verno. 14 rigoi'oso. 15 parte. 16 relva. 17 verde. 18 arvore. 
19 fallar. 20 urn Cicero. 21 inglez. 22 louvavel. 23 virtude. 
24 praticar. 



35. 



The Numbers (Vos Numeral). 
1. The Cardinal Numbers (Numerates canlinaes). 



um, fern, uma 


1 


vinte e um 


21 


dots, dous, fern, duas 


2 


vinte e dois 


22 


tres 


3 


vinte e tres 


23 


quatro 


4 


virile e quatro 


24 


cinco 


5 


vinte e cinco 


25 


seis 


6 


vinte e seis 


26 


sete 


7 


vinte e sete 


27 


otto 


8 


vinte e oito 


28 


nove 


9 


vinte e nove 


29 


dez 


10 


trinta 


30 


onze 


11 


trinta e um 


31 


doze 


12 


quarenta 


40 


treze 


13 


quarenta e um 


41 


quatorze 


14 


cincoenta 


50 


quinze 


15 


sessenta 


60 


dezeseis 


16 


setenta 


70 


dezesete 


17 


oitenta 


80 


dezoito 


18 


noventa 


90 


dez e nove 


19 


cem, cento 


100 


vinte 


20 


cento e um 


101 



27 



duzentos, fern. -«.s 


200 


nonecenlos 


900 


duzentos e urn 


201 


mil 


1 ,000 


trezentos, -as 


300 


mil e cento 


1,100 


quatrocentos, -as 


400 


mil e duzentos 


1,200 


quinhentos 


500 


do is mil 


2,000 


seiscentos 


600 


cem mil 


100,000 


setecentos 


700 


milhao 


a million 


oitocentos 


800 


bilhao 


a billion. 



Obs. Before a Noun „cem" is used, before a number 
„cento", as: cem soldados, hundred soldiers; cento e urn, a hun- 
dred and one. The Portuguese use the Cardinal Numbers to 
express the date, as: chegou a quatro de Maio, he arrived on 
the fourth of May. 



36. 
2. The Ordinal Numbers. 



primeiro 

segundo 

terceiro 

quarto 

quinto 

sexto 

setimo 

oitavo 

nono 

decimo 

undecimo, onzeno 

duodecimo 

decimo terceiro 

decimo quarto 

decimo quinto 

decimo sexto 

decimo setimo 



the 


1 st 


the 


nnd 


the 


3rd 


the 


4th 


the 


5 th 


the 


6 th 


the 


n tli 


the 


8 th 


the 


9 th 


the 


10 th 


the 


II th 


the 


12 th 


the 


13 th 


the 


14 th 


the 


15 th 


the 


16 l " 


the 


17 th 



decimo oitavo 

decimo nono 

vigesimo 

vigesimo-primeiro 

vigesimo-segundo 

trigesimo 

quadragesimo, quaren- 

tesimo 
quinquagesimo 
sexagesimo 
septuagesimo 
octogesimo 
nonagesimo 
centesimo 
millesimo 
ultimo 



the 18 th 
the 19 th 
the 20 th 
the 21 st 
the 22 nd 
the 30 Ul 

the 40" 1 
the 50 th 
the 60 th 
the 70 th 
the 80 th 
the 90 th 
the 1 00 th 
the 1,000 th 
the last. 



37. 
3. Fractional Numbers. 



a metade, half I quarto 

terco, the third | a quarta partei "" 

a terca parte, the third part | quinto, the fifth part 



\ the fourth part 
a quarta partei 



2b 



a quinta parte, the fifth part 
a sexta parte, the sixth part 
a setima parte, the seventh part 
um oitavo, an eighth 
uma oitava, an eighth part 
tres oitavos, three eighths 



uma novena, a ninth 
uma nona parte, a ninth part 
uma decima parte, a tenth part 
um e meio, one and a half 
dous e meia, two and a half 
tres e meia, three and a half. 



Proportional Numbers. 



simples, simple 
duplice \ double 
duplicado J 

tri P l f I triple 
triplice J 

quadruplo, fourfold 
quintuplo, fivefold 
wma uez, once 
duas vezes, twice 



?m weses, thrice 

sextuplo, sixfold 

septuplo, sevenfold 

octuplo, eigthfold 

nonuplo, ninefold 

decuplo, tenfold 

centuplo, a hundredfold 

a primeira vez, the first lime. 



39. 
Collective Numbers. 



um par, a pair 

ambos, ambas, hoth 

um terno, a number of 3 

um quaterno, a number of 4 

uma dezena, a number of 10 

uma duzia, a dozen 

uma quinzena, fifteen 



uma sessenta, sixty 
uma centena, a hundred 
uma vintena, twenty 
um milhar, a thousand 
quintal, a hundred weight 
uma quarta do arratel, a quar- 
ter of a pound. 



todo, toda, tudo, all, every one; plur. todos, todas. 
muito, many; tanto, so many. — pouco, few. 



40. 
E x a in p 1 e s. 

Elle viveo 1 noventa annos 2 . Ella tern vinto e cinco an- 
nos de idade 3 . exercito'' he composto 5 de noventa mil e 
1 live. 2 year. 3 age. 4 army. 5 consists of. 



29 

seiscentos homens. Dons mil cincocentos e trinla c qualro 
homens forao mortos neste encontro 7 . Cem homens ficarfto 8 
prisioneiros 9 . Ha nesta povoacao ,0 mil e setecentas almas". 
Ha mil quinhentas casas na nossa freguezia 12 . A sua carta 13 
he datada u de vinte e dous de Abril de mil oitocentos e 
cincoenta e sete. Nosso tio ha de chegar 15 a treze do mez 
que vein. comprimento 1G desta rua tern o dohro do da 
outra. Eu fiz duas vezes a volta 17 da villa a cavallo. Urn 
terremoto ,8 destrnio 19 a metade da cidade. Este theatro foi 
queimado 20 tres vezes. Se cultivar a sua herdade 21 , ella se 
elevara 22 em valor ao centuplo. 

6 killed. 7 battle. 8 remained. 9 prisoners. 10 population. 11 

souls. 12 parish. 13 letter. 14 daled. 15 arrive. 16 length. 

17 the round. IS earthquake. 19 destroy. 20 burnt down. 21 
inheritance. 22 to raise. 



41. 

Exercises. 

The company' consists of one hundred men and the re- 
giment 2 has six thousand men. There were collected 3 two 
hundred men and nearly' seventy women. He was the first 
who arrived 5 . The second was thy brother. The third man 
1 have not seen. The French army consists of 600,000 men. 
Within eight days. He had one sister and two cousins 7 with 
him. This house would be worth a hundred times more. 
Once I have told him, but twice he has forgotten it. The 
first time that I had the knife ground 8 . A thousand men 
were killed in this battle 9 . The first day of the year 10 . To 
day is ihe first, the second, the third, the fourth of the 
month 11 . Twenty eggs 12 . He arrived on the fifth of July. 
The nineteenth century 13 . The year has 365 days. He has 
three sons 14 and five daughters 15 . 

1 conrpanhia. 2 iegimento. 3 ajuntado. 4 quasi. 5 chegar. 6 den- 
tro. 7 prima. 8 amolar. 9 batalha. 10 anno. 11 mez. 12 
ovo. 13 seculo. 14 filho. 15 filha. 



30 



42. 
Pronouns. 
Personal Proitouus. 





S i 11 g 11 


lar. 




1 st Person. 


2 nd Person. 3 ri1 Person. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


N-. eu, I 


tu, thou 


elle, he 


ella, she 


G. do ?7iim, of me 


de ti, of thee 


d'elle, of him 


(Telia, of her 


D. a 7ni77i, to me 


a ti, to thee 


a e//e, Ike, to him 


a e//a, to her 


Ace. me, me 


te, a ti, thee 


e//e, him 


e//a, a ella, her 


Abl. de mi77i \ from 
por viim\ me 


de ti \ from 


d'elle \ from 


d'ella, \ from 
porella,i her. 


pop ti 1 thee 


por e//e i him 




Plural. 




N. nos, we 


wo'*, you 


<?//<?*, they 


e//a.9, they 


G. de nos, of us 


de vos, of you 


d'elles, of them 


d'e//«s,ofthem 


D. a nos, lo us 


a vo's, to you 


a e//e*, /Aes, to them 


a e£/as, to them 


Ace. nos, a nos, us 


a vos, vos, you 


elles, a elles, them 


ellas, them 


Abl. de nos l from 
por nos J us 


^/e wo'*, from you 


d'elles, from them 


d'ellas, from 






them 



Obs. If the Pronouns m?m, ti, si, nos, vos, are accom- 
panied by the Preposition com, they are contracted thus: 

com mini into commigo, with me 

com ti - comtigo, with thee 

com s«* - comsigo, with him 

com nos - comnosco, with us 

com vos - comvosco, with you. 

Me is generally translated by me, as: 

speak to me, fallai-me — he told me, elle disse-me 
tell me, dizei-me — write me, escrevei-me. 



The reflective 


Pronoun „si 


Norn, &i, 


one's self 


Gen. de si, 


of one's self 


Dat. a si, 


to one's self 


Ace. si, a si, 


one's self 


Abl. de si, po?' si, 


from one's self. 



31 



It is generally united to the Pronoun: mesmo or mesma, 
as: de si mesmo, of one's self: 

o homem nao ama senao a si mesmo, the man loves only 

himself. 

The Portuguese also join mesmo, to the personal Pro- 
nouns, as: 



eu mesmo, I myself 
tot mesmo, thou thyself 
elle mesmo, he himself 
ella mesma, she herself 
o homem mesmo, the man him- 
self. 



nos mesmos, we ourselves 
vos mesmos, you yourselves 
elles mesmos, 1 lh ey lhemselves 
ellas mesmas, J 
a virtude mesma, virtue itself. 



43. 
2. Conjunctive Pronouns. 

The following are always used in connexion with Verbs : 
— nos, us 



me, me 

tc, thee 

se, it 

Ihe, Him, her. 



vos, you 
Ihes, them 



isto me agrada 
he-me necessario 
deos te ve 
ella se louva 
eu Ihe direi 
eu Ihes prometti 



it pleases me 

I want it (have it necessary) 

God sees thee 

she praises herself 

I shall tell him or her 

I have promised them. 



44. 
3. fflixeil Pronouns 

are composed of personal and conjunctive Pronouns, hy chang- 
ing the letter e of the conjunctive Pronoun into o and a, as: 

instead of me o 



me a — 
Ihe o — 
Ihe a — 



say: mo 
ma 
Iho 
lha 



32 



instead 


of me os — 


say: 


mos 


- 


- me as — 


- 


mas 


- 


- Ihe os — 


- 


Ihos 


- 


- Ihe as — 


- 


(has 


- 


- te o — 


- 


to 


- 


- te a — 


- 


ta 


- 


- te os — 


- 


tos 




- te as — 


" 


tas. 



dai-mo, give me (livro, the book J 
dai-mo, give me (cao, the dogj 
dai-ma, give me (penna, the penj. 

entrego-to, \ give it thee (libro) 
darei-ta, 1 shall give it thee (casa) 
entrego-tos, I give them to thee (chapeos, pl.j 
darei-tas, I shall give them to thee (peras, pl.j. 



se o, 
se a, 
se os, 
se as, 
nos o, 
nos a, 



ito selo 


nos os, 


changes 


into nolos 


- sela 


nos as, 


- 


- nolas 


- selos 


vos 0, 


- 


- volo 


- selas 


vos a, 


- 


- vola 


~ nolo 


VOS OS, 


- 


- volos 


- nola 


vos as, 


~ 


- volas. 


Exan 


lples. 







para dar-lho, 

dai-mo, 

eu to darei, 

entrego-to, 

dize-lho, 

entrega-lhos, 

elle nolo disse 



for the purpose of giving it to him 

give it me 

I shall give it to thee 

I hand it over to thee 

they told it him or her 

give them (she) to him 

he told it vis 



eu volos mandarei, I shall send them to you. 



33 









45. 








4. 


Possessire Pronouns. 




MasciL 


ine 






Feminine. 


Singular. 
meu, mine 




Plural. 
metis 




Singular. 
minha, mine 


Plural. 
minhas 


teu, thine 




teus 




tua, 


thine 


tuas 


seu, his 




seus 




sua, 


hers 


suas 


nosso, ours 




nossos 




nossa, 


ours 


nossas 


vosso, yours 




vossos. 




vossa, 


yours 


vossas. 



The Pronouns are declined with the definite article. 
Masculine. 





Singular. 




Plural. 




my book. 




my books. 


N. 


o meu livro 




os mens livros 


G. 


do meu livro 




dos mens livros 


D. 


ao meu livro 




aos mens livros 


Ace. 


meu livro 




meus livros 


Abl. 


do (pelo) meu livro. 


dos (pelos) meus livros. 






Femi 


nine. 




Singular. 




Plural. 




my house. 




my houses. 


N. 


a minha casa 




as minhas casas 


G. 


da minha casa 




das minhas casas 


D. 


a minha casa 




as minhas casas 


Ace. 


minha casa 




minhas casas 


Abl. 


da (pela) minha 


casa. 


das (pelas) minhas casas 



Examples. 

The Portuguese say: 

the father loves: a seu filho, his son 

the mother loves: a seu filho, her son 

the father loves his daughter: o pai ama a sua filha 

the mother loves her daughter: a mat ama a sua filha 

it is mine: he men 

it is thine: he teu. 



AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 



34 



46. 
5. Demonstrative Pronouns. 

Este, denotes a person or thing in our immediate neigh- 
bourhood. 
Esse, denotes a person or thing a little more distant from us. 
Aquelle, one still farther distant. 





Sin 


aular. 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


N. 


este, this 


esfa 


isto 


G. 


d'este, of this 


d'esta 


d'isto 


D. 


a este, to this 


a esta 


a isto 


Ace. 


este, this 


esta 


isto 


Abl. 


d'este, from this. 


d'esta. 


d'isto. 




Pli 


iral. 




N. 


estes, these 


estas 




G. 


d'estes, of these 


rf'csfcfs 




D. 


a estes, to these 


a esfas 


wanting. 


Ace. 


estes, these 


esfas 




Abl. 


d'estes, from these. 


d'estas. 






Sin j 


j u 1 a r. 




N. 


esse, this one 


essa 


isso 


G. 


d'esse, of this one 


rf'essa 


d'isso 


D. 


a esse, to this one 


a essa 


a isso 


Ace. 


esse, this one 


essa 


isso 


Abl. 


d'esse, from this one. 


d'essa. 


d'isso. 




Ph 


ral. 




N. 


esses, these 


essas 




G. 


d'esses, of these 


d'essas 




D. 


a esses, to these 


a essas 


wanting. 


Ace. 


esses, these 


essas 




Aid. 


d'esses, from these. 


d'essas. 






Sing 


ular. 




N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

Abl. 


aquelle, that 
d'aquelle, of that 
aquelle, to that 
aquelle, that 
d'aquelle, from that. 


aquella 

d'aquella 

aquella 

aquella 

d'aquella. 


aquillo 

d'aquillo 

aquillo 

aquillo 

d'aquillo. 



35 







Singu 


lar. 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


N. 


aquclles, 


those 




aquellas 




G. 


d'aquelles, 


of those 




d'aquellas 




D. 


dquelks, 


to those 




aquellas 


wanting 


Ace. 


aquelles, 


those 




aquellas 




Abl. 


d'aquelles, 


from those. 




d'aquellas. 








47. 










6. Relative Pronouns. 





i) Qual, which, declined with the article o and a: o qual, 
a qual; plural: os quaes, as quaes. 

)) Que, which, is used of persons and things, as: 

o livro que, the book which 

a arvore que, the tree which 

os livros que, the books which 

o mestre que ensina, the teacher who instructs 

a mulher que tenho, the woman whom I have 

o homem que eu amo, the man whom I love. 





It is 


declined: 


N. 


que, 


who, which 


G. 


de que, 


of whom 


D. 


a que, 


to whom 


Ace. 


que, 


whom 


Abl. 


de que, 


from whom 



what 



c) Quern, is only used of persons. 

Singular and Plural. 

N. quern, who 

G. de quern, of whom 

D. a quern, to whom 

Ace. quern, whom 

Abl. de quern, from whom. 



3* 



whose. 



dj Cujo, cuja, 

Masculine 



Singular. 



N. 

G. de cujo, 

D. a cujo, 

Ace. cujo, 



of whose 
to whose 
whose 



Abl. de cujo, whose. 



Feminine. 



de cuja 
a cuja 
cuja 
de cuja. 



a pessoa cuja reputacao vos 

admirais. 
o ceo cujo soccorro nunca 

falta. 
a muhler cuja bella cara. 

cujas bellezas. 
a cujo j)ai. 



Examples. 

The person whose reputation 

you admire. 
The heaven whose assistance 

never fails. 
The woman whose beautiful 

face. 
Whose beauties. 
To whose father. 



7. 



48. 
Interrogative Pronouns. 



IN 



Quern, qual, que, who, which, what? 

Singular 
Masc. and Fern. 
quern, Avho? 



nd Plural. 

Masc. and Fem. 



G. de quern, of whom? 

D. a quern, to whom? 

Ace. quern, whom? 

Abl. de quern, whom? 



que 
de que 
a que 
que 
de que 



Singular. 

Masculine and Feminine. 

N. qual, which? quaes 

G. de qual, of which? de quaes 

D. d qual, to which? a quaes 

Ace. qual, which? quaes 

Abl. de qual, from which? de quaes 



what? which? 



Plural. 



which ? 



37 



Quern he? 

Quern vos disse isso? 

Que quereis? 

Com que se sustenta? 

Que estais fazendo? 

Be que se faz isto? 

Que livro he este? 

Que negocios tendes? 

Que casa he? 

Be qual fallais vos? 

Qual delles? 

Quern or qual dos dous? 



sample s. 

Who is it? 

Who told that to you? 
What do you want? 
What does he live upon? 
What are you doing? 
What is this made of? 
What book is this? 
What business have you? 
What sort of a house is it? 
Of whom do you speak? 
Which of them? 
Which of the two? 



8. 



49. 
Indefinite Pronouns. 



urn, una, a, one 

uns, umas, some 

algum, alguma, somebody 

alguns, algumas, some 

nenhum, nenhuma, no one 

nenhuns, nenhumas, none 

cada, each 

cada urn, cada uma, everyone 

outro, outra, other 

outros, outras, others 

se, one, some one 

todo, toda, all, everyone 

certo, certa, a certain one 



todos, todas, all 
tudo, everything 

ta \ 1 such 

tales \ 

qualquer \ who ever 
quaesquer I some one 
quemquer, any one 
alguem, some one 
ninguem, no one 
outrem, another, some one else 
muitos, muitas, many. 



urn e outro \ 
uma e outra J 
um ou outro 
uns ou outros 
uma ou outra 
umas ou outras 
nenhum nem outro 
nenhuns nem outros 
nenhuma nem outra 
nenhumas nem outras 



the one and the other 



the one or the other 



neither the one nor the other. 



38 

50. 
Examples. 

Eu sou pobre 1 e tu es rico. Eu amo 2 e tu am'as tam- 
bem, elle araa, elles amao. Ella nunca 3 traz '' dinheiro com- 
sigo. Isto me agrada 5 . Ella se louva". Eu Ihe direi 7 . Cor- 
tailhe 3 as azas . Comprei o cavallo e montei-o 10 . Louvavel 11 
he aconselhar 12 a virtude, mas melhor he pratica-Ia 13 . Assenta 
no que lhe digo. A sua perda 14 . Este vento 15 he favoravel 16 . 
Louva-se lhe a generosidade 17 . Esta flor' 8 nao he do meu 
jardim, he do teu. que lhe digo he verdade. ceo cujo 
soccorro nunca falta. Carlos foi grande, Frederico ambicioso, 
este valente 19 , aquelle poderoso 20 . Aquelles que desprezao 21 
a sciencia 22 nSo conhecem 23 o valor d'ella. A providencia 
nao abencoa 2 '' o trabalho 25 d'aquelles que desprezao os seus 
melhores amigos. Aquelles taes que nao amao a virtude, 
nao a conhecem. homem que eu amo. meu livro esta 
na mesa. De todas as obras de engenho, nenhuma ha que 
nao tenha o seu defeito 26 . A pessoa cuja reputacao 27 vos 
admirais 28 . Urn tal velhaco 29 deve 30 ser castigado 31 . Apren- 
dem-se 32 com mais facilidade 33 as cousas que se comprehen- 
dem, do que as que se nao comprehendem. 

1 poor. 2 love. 3 never. 4 trazer, lo carry. 5 agradar, to please. 
6 praise. 7 dizer, to say. 8 to cut, to trim. 9 the wing. 
10 to mount. 11 praiseworthy. 12 to advise. 13 to practice. 
14 the loss. 15 the wind. 16 favorable. 17 generosity. 18 
flower. 19 valiant. 20 powerful. 21 to despise. 22 sciences. 
23 to know. 24 to bless. 25 labour. 26 imperfection, fault. 
27 reputation. 28 to admire. 29 scoundrel. 30 ought. 31 to 
punish. 32 ajtrender, to learn. 33 facility. 



51. 

Esta batalha 1 decidira 2 a sorte 3 da campanha 4 . Este ho- 
mem he sabio 5 , aquelle he valente. Esta arvore he nova", 
essa velha, aquella foi desarraigada 7 . Este cavallo he arabe, 
est'outro he andaluz, aqueH'outro he inglez. cullo 8 dos 
idolos 9 , o qual he tao antigo como absurdo. As molestias 10 
contra as quaes a medicina he impotente. Qual he o carac- 
ter distinctivo dos templos gothicos? estado cujo governo, 
cujos habitantes, cuja religiao, cujas instituicoes nos parecem " 

1 battle. 2 to decide. 3 the issue. 4 the campaign. 5 wise. 6 
young, new. 7 uprooted. 8 worshipping. 9 idols. 10 disease. 
11 appear. 



39 

preferiveis 12 . marido, cuja mulher, cujas filhas siSo virtuo- 
sas, deve reputar-se feliz. amigo de cuja casa venho. 
Quem descobrio a America? Quern fdrSo os primeiros habi- 
tants da Grecia? Que homem he esse que vejo na estrada. 
Nenhum homem he izento 13 de paixOes 11 . Elle em generosi- 
dade nao cede a ninguem. Um morreo na India, o outro em 
Franca. N8o faze a outrem o que nao quizeras te fizessem 
a li. Em taes circumstancias. A conclusao foi tal qual eu 
a esperava. Elle fallou 15 contra mim. Quaes sao os requi- 
sites de um bom pin tor? 

12 excellent. 13 exempt. 14 passion. 15 fallar, to speak. 



52. 

Exercises. 

I have a dress 1 . He has stockings 2 . She has shoes 3 . 
We have money 4 . You have houses. They have chairs 5 . He 
received the money from thee. This horse is handsomer than 
that one. This is white 6 and that is blue 7 . The wife of 
my uncle. The house of my sister. The woman whose hus- 
band was killed 8 . The man whose wife is so similar to your 
sister. What are the requisites 10 to be a great minister 11 ? 
Who has told you this? Of whom did you learn this news? 
What animals are there on this island' 2 ? The man who 
wishes to be esteemed 13 must esteem himself. All men must 14 
die 15 . Every man and every woman received a present 10 . 

1 vestido. 2 meia. 3 sapato. 4 dinheiro. 5 cadeira. 6 branco. 

7 azul. 8 morto, matado. 9 igualar. 10 reqnisito. 11 ministro. 

12 ilha. 13 estimar, respcitar. 14 dever. 15 morrer. 16 dom, 
dativa. 



53. 
Exercises. 



I see nobody. Nobody answers me. The one lives in 
Holland 1 and the other in Germany' 2 . The one is an honest 
man 3 and the other is a scoundrel'. Neither 5 the one 
nor 5 the other. This man is a Spaniard", the other an 
Englishman 7 , and that one a German 8 . Everyone of these 

1 Hollanda. 2 Allemanha. 3 homem de bem. 4 velhaco. 5 neither 
— nor, nem — nem. 6 Hespanhol. 7 Inglez. 8 Allemao. , , 



40 

Indians. This is good 9 and that is bad 10 . This man loves 
only himself 11 . Many authors maintain 12 . In certain seasons 13 
and in certain times 14 . A certain man said. A certain per- 
son. Such a man. The terror 15 was such that everyone 
fled 16 . Any one of the conspirators 17 . 

9 bom. 10 mao. 11 amar a si-mesmo, to love ones self. 12 af- 
firmar. 13 estacao. 14 tempo. 15 terror. 16 fugir. 17 con- 
jurado. 



PART II. 



Collection of Words. 



1. The Universe. 



DeoSy God 

o creador, the creator 

o mundo, the world 

o firmamento, the sky 

um astro, a star 

o sol, the sun 

um raio de sol, a sunbeam 

a lua, the moon 

o luar, the moonlight 

uma nuvem, a cloud 

uma estrella, a star 

o ceo, os ceos, the heaven 

o nascer do sol, sunrise 

o for do sol, sunset 

um cometa, a comet 



o arco iris, the rainbow 

o trovao, the thunder 

o calor, the heat 

um relampago, a lightning 

o fogo, the fire 

o frio, the cold 

a geada, the frost 

o gelo, the ice 

a luz, the light 

a neve, the snow 

o obscuridade, the darkness 

mm trovoada, a storm 

a c/m«a, the rain 

o tempo, the weather 

o vento, the wind. 



Primavera, spring 
estio, verao, summer 
outono, autumn 
invemo, winter 
Janeiro, January 



2. The Seasons. 



Fevereiro, February 
Marco, March 
Abril, April 
Maio, May 
Junho, June 



42 



Jalho, July 
Agosto, August 
Septembro, September 
Outubro, October 
Novembro, November 
Dezembro, December 
Segunda feira, Monday 
Ter^a feira, Tuesday 
Quarta feira, Wednesday 
Quinta feira, Thursday 
Sexta feira, Friday 
Sabbado, Saturday 
Domingo, Sunday 
um seculo, a century 
um anno, a year 
o anno passado, the last year 
o anno que vem, the next year 
um moz, a month 
uma semana, a week 
um dia, a day 
uma hora, an hour 
meia hora, half an hour 



hora e meia, an hour and a 
half 

um quarto d'hora, a quarter of 
an hour 

um minuto, a minute 

um segundo, a second 

o despontar do dia, the day- 
break 

a madrugada, the morning 

a manha, the forenoon 

meio-dia, noon 

a tarde, the afternoon 

o por do sol, sunset 

a entrada, the evening 

a noite, the night 

meia noite, midnight 

hoje, to-day 

hontem, yesterday 

antes d'hontem, the day before 
yesterday 

a manha, to-morrow 

o fim, the end, close. 



3. Water. 



Uma bahia, a bay 

agua corrente, running water 

agua enxarcada, stagnant water 

agua morta, standing water 

agua doze, sweet water 

agua do mar, sea water 

um lago, a pond 

um rio, a river 

um lago, uma lagoa, a lake 

um charco, a pool 

a mare, the tide 

mare alta, high water 

mare baixa, low water 

o mar, the sea 

mar perigoso, a rough sea 

as ondas, the waves 



um regato, a brook 

um nascente, a spring 

uma torrente, a torrent 

as ondas, the billows 

um barco de vapor, a steamer 

um brigue, a brig 

uma fragata, a frigate 

um navio mercante, a merchant 

ship 
um navio de guerra, a man 

of war 
uma ancora, an anchor 
a rabadilha, the stern 
a proa, the head 
um remo, an oar 
a cana do lemc, the helm 



43 



um maslo, a mast 
a bandeira, the flag 
a lolda, the deck 



uma vela, a sail 
o velame, the sails. 



4. Individuals und Relations. 



Um Jwmem, a man 

uma mulher, a woman 

as mulher es, women 

uma mulher casada, a wife 

um menino, a child 

um moco, a hoy 

uma rapariga, a girl 

um mancebo, a young man 

uma moca, a young maid 

um velho, an old man 

uma velha, an old woman 

o avo, the grandfather 

a avo, the grandmother 

o fed, the father 

a mai, the mother 

o filho, the son 

a /?//««., the daughter 

um irmao, a brother 



uma irma, a sister 

um lio, an uncle 

wfla tin, an aunt 

um sobrinho, a nephew 

«m(i sobrinha, a niece 

um primo, a cousin 

ima familia, a family 

os parentes, the parents 

o marido, the husband 

a esposa, the wife 

o noivo, the bridegroom 

a ?wro«, the bride 

o so</ro, the father-in-law 

a so</ra, the mother-in-law 

o </enro, the son-in-law 

a nor a, the daughter-in-law 

um cunhado , a brothpr-in-law 

uma cunhada, a sister-in-law. 



5. The Human Body. 



A pelle, the skin 
a barba, the beard 
a boca, the mouth 
um braco, an arm 
«>n cabello, a hair 
o coracao, the heart 
o pescoco, the neck 
«mw dente, a tooth 
um dedo, a finger 
a espalda, the back 
jonffi espadoa, a shoulder 
o estomago, the stomach 
a /ace, the face 



um joelho, a knee 
?«;«« pema, a leg 
mwa /ace, a cheek 
a lingua, the tongue 
um beico, a lip 
uma mao, a hand 
o nariz, the nose 
iMM o/Ao, an eye 
uma orelha, an ear 
um pe, a foot 
o ptfeo, the fist 
a cabeca, the head. 



44 



6. The House and Furniture. 



Uma casa, a house 

um palacio, a palace 

uma quinta, a country house 

uma livraria, a library 

um quarto, a room 

um quarto de dormir, a bed- 
room 

a escada, the staircase 

uma janella, a window 

o tecto de estuque, the ceiling 

o solho, the floor 

uma porta, a door 

uma fechadura, a lock 

a chave, the key 

uma sala baixa, a parlour 

uma sala da jantar, a dining 
room 

uma sala, a drawingroom 

uma campainha, the bell 

uma mobilia, furniture 

uma cadeira, a chair 



um castical, a candlestick 

uma vella de sebo, a candle 

uma chemine, a chimney 

uma comoda, a chest of drawers 

um espelho de sala, a looking- 
glass 

um candieiro, a lamp 

uma cama, a bed 

uma cortina, a curtain 

uma papeleira, a writing-desk 

um sofa, a sofa 

uma mesa, a table 

um quadro, a picture 

um tapete, a carpet 

as gavetas, drawers 

uma toalha de mesa, a table 
cloth 

uma collier, a spoon 

rima colherinha, a tea spoon 

um garfo, a fork 

uma faca, a knife. 



7. Trees, Shrubs etc. 



Os cereaes, corn 

a aveia, oats 

o ferio, hay 

o trigo candeal, wheat 

a herva, grass 

a batata, potatoe 

o arros, rice 

wma betula, a birch 

wrna ceregeira, a cherry-tree 

wwa azinheira, an oak 



wwa figueira, a fig-tree 
mm /aw, a beech 
wma Aera, ivy 
um olmo, an elm 
um chopo, a poplar 
?mw pinheiro, a pine 
w a&eto, a fir 
um salgueiro, a willow 
um til, a lime-tree. 



8. Fruits and Flowers. 



Um damasco, an apricot 
uma cereja, a cherry 
uma castanha, a chestnut 



um limao, a lemon 

um figo, a fig 

wwi morango, a strawberry 



45 



uma groselha, a currant 
grosellia de bagos grossos, 

gooseberry 
uma noz, a nut 
uma pera, a pear 
uma maca, an apple 
o lino, the lily 
a margarita, the daisy 



o lirio dos valles, the lily of 

the valley 
o cravo, the pink 
a papoula, the poppy 
a primavera, the primrose 
a rosa, the rose 
a tulipa, the tulip 
a violeta, the violet. 



9. Dress. 



Uma camiza, a shirt 

umas ceroulas, drawers 

uma camizola, an underwaist- 

coat 
uns calcoes, breeches 
um colete, a waistcoat 
uma casaca, a coat 
um capote, a cloak 
um chapeo, a hat 
uma bota, a boot 
uma anagoa, a pellicoat 
um vestido, a gown 
uma touca, a bonnet 
um veo, a veil 
um collar, a necklace 



um brtnco, an ear-ring 
pulseiras, bracelets 
uma meia, a stocking 
um sapato, a shoe 
uma luva, a glove 
uma bolsa, a purse 
um annel, a ring 
pos, powder 
sabao, soap 

uma toalha de mdos, a towel 
um petite, a comb 
uma escova, a brush 
ma escova de dentes, a tooth- 
brush. 



10. Town and Country. 



Uma cidade, a town 
uma aldea, a village 
os arrabaldes, the suburbs 
um candieiro de gaz, a 

lamp 
a calcada, the pavement 
uma praca, a square 
uma ponte, a bridge 
um passeio, a walk 
«m farol, a lamp 



wtna rua, a street 
um bosquesinho, a thicket 
um campo, a field 
uma cavalharica, a stable 
uma floresta 1 a foregt 
«m« sefoa J 
wma se&e, a hedge 
um jardim, a garden 
um almargeal, a meadow 
wm verqel, an orchard. 



46 



11. Animals. 



Um cervo, a stag 

um crocodillo, a crocodile 

um elephante, an elephant 

um coelho, a rabbit 

uma lebre, a hare 

um lido, a lion 

um leopardo, a leopard 

um lobo, a wolf 

um urso, a bear 

uma panthera, a panther 

um rato, a rat 

uma raposa, a fox 

um mono, a monkey 

um ligre, a tiger 



um burro, an ass 
uma ovelha, a sheep 
um borrego, a lamb 
um gato, a cat 
um cao, a dog 
Mm cavallo, a horse 
wm macho, a mule 
«« vaca, a cow 
um bezerro, a calf 
wn boi, an ox 
«m Zeftflo, a pig 
o gado, cattle 
gado vacum, herds 
</orfo meudo, flocks. 



12. Birds, Fishes and Insects. 



Um pata, a duck 

um gallo, a cock 

uma gallinha, a hen 

um ganso, a goose 

um pombo, a pigeon 

uma aguia, an eagle 

uma calhandra, a lark 

«ma cegonha, a stork 

mwi corwo, a raven 

um cisne, a swan 

uma andorinha, a swallow 

um roussinol, a nightingale 

wma enguia, an eel 

m»w carpet, a carp 

um harenque, a herring 

uma lagosta, a lobster 

uma ostra, an oyster 

wma sarda, a mackerel 



wma j?erca, a perch 
um salmao, a salmon 
um linguado, a sole 
uma truta, a trout 
win rodavalho, a turbot 
MJHfl abelha, a bee 
MMff aranha, a spider 
wm sr/^o, a toad 
uma borboleta, a butterfly 
wma serpente, a serpent 
w escaravelho, a beetle 
M«d formiga, an ant 
mmg ra, a frog 
uma vespa, a wasp 
Mwia mosca, a fly 
Mm fo'c/io, a worm 
uma vibora, a viper. 
Mma cobra, an adder. 



47 



E a s y 



Dialogues. 



1. Eating and Drinking. 



Are you hungry? 

I have a good appetite. 

I am very hungry. 

Eat something. 

What will you eat? 

What do you wish to eat? 

You do not eat. 

I beg your pardon, I eat very 
heartily. 

I have eaten very heartily. 

I have dined with a good ap- 
petite. 

Eat another piece. 

I can eat no more. 

Are you thirsty? 

Are you not thirsty? 

I am very thirsty. 

I am dying of thirst. 

Let us drink. 

Give me something to drink. 

Will you drink a glass of 
wine? 

Drink a glass of heer. 

Drink another glass of wine. 

Sir, I drink to your health. 

I have the honour to drink 
your health. 



Ym. tern fome? 

Tenho boa vontade de comer. 

Tenho baslante fome. 

Coma alguma cousa. 

Que ha de Ym. comer? 

Que e o que tern vontade de 

comer? 
senhor nao come. 
Com perdao de Ym., eu como 

muito hem. 
Tenho comido bastante. 
Jantei de boa vontade. 

Coma ainda mais alguma cousa. 

Nao comerei mais nada. 

Tern Ym. sede? 

Nao tern Ym. sede? 

Tenho bastante sede. 

Estou morrendo de sede. 

Toca a beber. 

De-me de beber. 

Quer Ym. beber um copo de 

vinho ? 
Tome um copo de cerveja. 
Beba mais esse copo de vinho. 
Bebo a sua saude. 
Tenho a honra de beber a sua 

saude. 



2. Going and Coming. 



Where are you going? 

I am going home. 

1 was going to your house. 



Onde vai Ym.? 
You para casa. 
Hia d sua casa. 



48 



From whence do you come? 

I come from my brother's. 

I am coming from church. 

I have just left the school. 

Will you go with me? 

Whither do you wish to go? 

We will take a walk. 

We will take a walk. 

W 7 ith all my heart ; most will- 
ingly. 

Which way shall we go? 

Any way you like. 

Let us go into the park. 

Let us take your brother in 
our way. 

As you please. 

Is Mr. B. at home? 

He is gone out. 

He is not at home. 

Can you tell us where he is 
gone? 

I cannot tell you precisely. 

I think he is gone to see his 
sister. 

Do you know when he will 
come back? 

No, he said nothing of it when 
he went out. 

Then we must go without him. 



Donde vem Vm.? 

Venho de casa de meu irmao. 

Venho da igreja. 

Saio da escola. 

Quer Vm. vir commigo? 

Onde quer Vm. Mr? 

Hiremos passeiar. 

Hiremos fazer um passeio. 

Quero, pois nao. Com muito 

gosto. 
Per onde iremos? 
Para aquella que quizer. 
Vamos a tapada. 
Vamos ter de caminho com sen 

irmao. 
Como queira. 

senhor B. estd em casa? 
Estd fora. 
Nad estd em casa. 
Pode Vm. dizer-me para onde 

foi? 
Nad saberei dizer-lhe ao certo. 
Creio que foi ver a irma. 

Sabe Vm. quando ha de voltar? 

Nad: partio sem m'odizer. 

Entad ir-nos hemos sem elle. 



3. Questions and Answers 

Come nearer; I have some- 



thing to tell you. 
I have a word to say to you. 

Listen to me. 

I want to speak to you. 

What is it you want? 

I am speaking to you. 
I am not speaking to you. 



Venha ca, tenho que the dizer 

uma cousa. 
Tenho que Ihe dizer duas pa- 

lavras. 
Escute-me. 

Tenho desejo de Ihe fallar. 
Que ha de novo para o sen 
f servico? 

E com Vm. que fallo. 
Nad e com Vm. que eu fallo. 



49 



What do you say? 

What did you say? 

I say nothing. 

Do you hear? 

Do you hear what I say? 

Do you understand me? 

Will you he so kind as to 

repeat . . ? 
I understand you well. 
Why do you not answer me? 
Do you not speak Portuguese? 
Very little, Sir. 
I understand it a little, but I 

do not speak it. 
Speak louder. 
Do not speak so loud. 
Do not make so much noise. 
Hold your tongue. 
Did you not tell me that . . ? 
Who told you that? 
They told me so. 
Somebody has told it me. 
I have heard it. 
W T hat do you wish to say? 
What is that good for? 
What do you call that? 
Do you know Mr. G.? 
I know him by sight. 
I know him by name. 



Que diz Vm.? 

Que disse Vm.? 

Nab disse nada. 

Entente? 

Entende Vm. o que digo? 

Entende-me Vm.? 

Quer Vm. repetil'o? 

Eu hem o entendo. 
Por que me nab responde? 
Vm. nab falla portuguez? 
Muito pouco, senhor. 
Entendo- o um pouco, por em 

nao folio. 
Falle mais alto. 
Nao falle tab alto. 
Nab faca tanta bulha. 
Calle-se. 

Nab me disse Vm. que? 
Quern Ihe disse isto? 
Disserab-me. 
Disse-m'o certa pessoa. 
Ouvi dizer. 
Que quer Vm. dizer? 
Para que e bom isto? 
Como chama Vm. a isto? 
Conhece Vm. o senhor G.? 
Conheco-o de vista. 
Conheco-o de nome. 



4. The Age, 

How old are you? Que idade tern Vm.? 

How old is your brother? Que idade tern o senhor seu 

irmao. 

I am twelve years old. Tenho doze annos. 

I am ten years and six months Tenho des annos e meio. 
old. 

Next month I shall be sixteen Hei de fazer desaseis annos no 

years old. mez que vem. 

1 was thirteen years old last Fiz treze annos a semana pas- 
week, sada. 

AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 4 



50 



You do not look so old. 

You look older. 

I thought you were older. 

I did not think you were so 
old. 

How old may your uncle he? 

He may be sixty years old. 

He is ahout sixty years old. 

He is more than fifty years 
old. 

He is a man of fifty and up- 
wards. 

He may be sixty or there 
abouts. 

He is above eighty. 

That is a great age. 

Is he so old? 

He begins to grow old. 



Vm. nao me parecia ter tanta 

idade. 
Vm. parecia ter mais idade. 
Cuidava que era mais velho. 
Nao cuidava que tivese tanta 

idade. 
Que idade tern seu tio? 
Poderd ter sessenta annos. 
Tern obra de sessenta annos. 
Tern mais de cincoenta 



E um homem de cincoenta e 

tantos annos. 
Poderd ter cousa de sessanta 

annos. 
Tern mats de oitenta annos. 
E uma idade assds adiantada. 
E tad idoso como isto? 
a fazer-se velho. 



5. The Time. 



What o'clock is it? 

Pray tell me what time it is? 

t is one o'clock. 

t is past one. 

t has struck one. 

t is a quarter past one. 

t is half past one. 

t wants ten minutes to two. 

t is not yet two o'clock. 

t is only twelve o'clock. 

t is almost three o'clock. 

t is on the stroke of three. 

t is going to strike three. 

t is ten minutes past three. 
The clock is going to strike. 
There is the clock striking. 
It is not late. 



Que horas sad? 
Tenha a bondade de dizer-me 
r que horas sad. 
E uma hora. 
E uma hora passada. 
E uma hora ja dada. 
E iima hora e um quarto. 
E hora e meia. 
Sao duas horas menos des mi- 

nutos. 
Ainda nao derab duas horas. 
Nad e mais que meiodia. 
Sad perto de tres horas. 
Sad tres horas em ponto. 
Estd a dar tres horas. 
Sad tres horas e des minutos. 
relogio estd para dar horas. 
relogio estd dando horas. 
Nad e tarde. 



51 



It is later than I thought. E mais tarde do que eu cui- 

dava. 
I did not think it was so Nad cuidava que jfo'sse tan 
late. tarde. 



6. The Weather. 



What kind of weather is it? 

It is had weather. 

It is cloudy. 

It is dreadful weather. 

It is fine weather. 

We are going to have a fine 

day. 
It is dewy. 
It is foggy. 
It is rainy weather. 
It threatens to rain. 
The sky becomes very cloudy. 
The sky is getting very dark. 
The sun is coming out. 
The weather is clearing up 

again. 
It is very warm. 
It is sultry. 
It is very mild. 
It is cold. 

It is excessively cold!. 
It is raw weather. 

It rains. 

It has been raining. 

It is going to rain. 

I feel some drops of rain. 

There are some drops of rain 

falling. 
It hails. 

It snows; it is snowing. 
It has been snowing. 
It snows in large flakes. 
It freezes. 
It has frozen. 



Que especie de tempo faz? 

Faz mdo tempo. 

Faz urn tempo escuro. 

Faz um tempo horrivel. 

Faz bom tempo. 

Havemos de ter ivm optimo 

dia. 
Ha muito orvalko. 
Faz nevoa. 

Faz um tempo chuvoso. 
tempo estd embrulJuido. 
ceo se esconde. 
ceo se escurece. 
sol comeca a apparecer. 
tempo principia a comer- 

tar-se. 
Faz bastante calma. 
Faz uma calma que abafa. 
Faz um tempo bem brando. 
Faz frio. 

Faz um frio terrivel. 
Faz um tempo frio e junta- 

mente humido. 
Ghove. 
Choveo. 

Estd para chover. 
Sinto alguns choviscos. 
Caem algumas got as d'agua. 

Cae pedra. 

Neva. Estd chovendo neve. 

Gahio bastante neve. 

Gahe neve em frocos. 

Gela. 

Gafxio geada. 



52 



It begins to thaw. 

It thaws. 

It is very windy. 

The wind is very high. 

There is no air stirring. 

It lightens. 

It has lightened all night. 

It thunders. 

The thunder roars. 

The thunderbolt has fallen. 

It is stormy weather. 

We shall have a thunder- 
storm. 

The sky begins to clear up. 

The weather is very unsettled. 

It is very muddy. 

It is very dusty. 

It is very slippery. 

It is bad walking. 

It is day-light. 

It is dark. 

It is night. 

It is moon-light. 

Do you think it will be fine 
weather? 

I do not think that it will 
rain. 

I am afraid it will rain. 

I fear so. 



tempo comeca a abrandar-se. 

Ha dege'lo. 

Faz bastante vento. 

Faz uma grande ventania. 

Nad ha viracao. 

Estd fazendo relampagos. 

Toda esta twite fez relampagos. 

Troveja. 

Esta trovejando. 

Cahio urn raio. 

tempo ameaca trovoada. 

Havemos de ter alguma tro- 
voada. 

ceo comeca a Umpar-se. 

tempo estd hem inconstante. 

Faz bastante lama. 

Ha muita poeira. 

Escorrega muito. 

Faz mdo tempo para se sahir. 

Faz dia. 

Faz escuro. 

Faz noite. 

Faz luar. 

Cuida Vm. que teremos bom 
tempo ? 

Creio que nao ha de chover. 

Tenho medo que chova. 
Eu assim o creio. 



7. Salutation. 



Good morning, Sir. 

I wish you good morning. 

How do you do? 

How are you? 

Do you continue in good 

health? 
Pretty good ; and how are you ? 
Are you well? 
Very well, and you? 
I am perfectly well. 



Bons dias senhor. 
Tenha Vm. bons dias. 

Como estd Vm.? 
Estd sempre de saude? 

Muito bem, e Vm.? 
Vm. estd bem disposto? 
Muito bem, e Vm.? 
Acho-me as mil maravil 



>D 



And how is it with you? 
As usual. 

Pretty well, thank God. 
I am very happy to see you 
well. 



E Vm. como vai de saude? 
Como do costume. 
Assas bem, gragas a Deus. 
Eslou encantado de o ver em 
perfeita saude. 



8. The Visit. 



There is a knock. 

Somebody knocks. 

Go and see who it is. 

Go and open the door. 

It is Mrs. B. 

I wish you good morning. 

I am happy to see you. 

I have not seen you this age. 

It is a novelty to see you. 
Pray, sit down. 
Sit down if you please. 
Take a seat. 

Give a chair to the lady. 
Will you stay and take some 

dinner with us? 
I cannot stay. 
I only came in to see how 

you are. 
I must go. 

You are in a great hurry. 
Why are you in such a hurry? 
I have a great many things 

to do. 
Surely you can stay a little 

longer. 
I will stay longer another 

time. 
I thank you for your visit. 

I hope to see you soon again. 



Batem a porta. 

Alguem estd batendo a porta. 

Vai ver quern e. 

Vai abrir a porta. 

E a senhora B. 

Tenha Vm. muito bons dias. 

Estou encantado de a ver. 

Ha um seculo que nao a hei 

visto. 
E milagre vela. 
Queira assentar-se. 
Tenha a bondade de assentar-se. 
Queira ter o incommodo de 

assentar-se. 
De uma cadeira a senhora. 
Quer Vm. ficar para jantar 

comnosco. 
Nao posso demorar-me. 
Entrei somente para saber da 

sua saiide. 
Nad me posso demorar mais. 
Vm. tern muita pressa. 
Que pressa e esta? 
Tenho muito .que fazer. 

Vm. bem pode demorar-se mais 

una instante. 
Em outra vez ficarei mais 

tempo. 
Receba os mens agradecimentos 

pela visita. 
Espero de o ver bem cedo. 



54 



9. Breakfast. 



Have you breakfasted? 

Not yet. 

You have come just in time. 

You will breakfast with us. 

Breakfast is ready. 

Do you drink tea or coffee? 

Would you prefer chocolate? 

I prefer coffee. 

What can I offer you? 

Here are rolls and toast. 

What do you like best? 

I shall take a roll. 

How do you like the coffee? 

Is the coffee strong enough? 

It is excellent. 

Is there enough sugar in it? 

If there is not, do not make 

any ceremony. 
Act as if you were at home. 



Vm. jd almocou? 

Ainda nao. 

Chega em boa occasiao. 

Almocard comnosco. 

almoco estd prompto. 

Toma Vm. chd, ou cafe? 

Gosta talvez mats de chocolate? 

Prefiro o cafe. 

Que Hie poderei offer ecer? 

AM tern pad e fatias. 

De anal gosta mats? 

Comerei um destes paezinhos. 

Como acha Vm. o cafe? 

Acha Vm. o cafe com bastante 

forca? 
Acho-o excellente. 
Tern assucar sufficiente? 
Se nao tern o que e mister, nao 

faca ceremonias. 
Faca como se estivesse em sua 

casa, 



10. Before Dinner, 



At what time do we dine to- 
day? 

We shall dine at four o'clock. 

We shall not dine before five 
o'clock. 

Shall we have anybody to din- 
ner to-day? 

Do you expect company? 

I expect Mr. B. 

Mr. D. has promised to come 
if the weather permits. 

Have you given orders for 
dinner? 

What have you ordered for 
dinner? 

Have you sent for fish? 



A que horas jantamos koje? 

Devemos jantar as quatro. 
Nem antes das cinco o fare- 

mos. 
Teremos lioje alguem de fora? 

Espera Vm. gente? 

Espero pelo senhor B. 

senhor por D. prometteo de 

vir, se o tempo permitisse. 
Deo Vm. jd os ordens para o 

jantar? 
Que encommendou Vm. para 

o jantar? 
Mandou Vm. vir peixe? 



55 



1 could not get any fish. 
1 fear we shall have a 

indifferent dinner. 
We must do as we can. 



Nab pude haver peixe. 
>ery Quer me parecer, que hauemos 
de ter um mdo jantar. 
Faremos como podermos. 



11. The Dinner. 



To what shall 1 help you? 
Will you take a little soup? 
I thank you. I will trouble 

you for a little beef. 
It looks so very nice. 
Which part do you like best? 
I hope you like this piece. 

Gentlemen, you have dishes 
near you. 

Help yourselves. 

Take without ceremony what 
you like best. 

Would you like a little of this 
roastmeat? 

Will you have some fat? 

Give me some of this lean, 
if you please. 

How do you like the roast- 
meat? 

It is excellent, delicious. 

What will you take with your 
meat? 

Shall I help you to some ve- 
getables? 

Will you take peas or cauli- 
flower? 

It is quite indifferent to me. 

I shall send you a piece of 
this fowl. 

No, thank you, I can eat no 
more. 

You are a poor eater. 

You eat nothing. 



Que quer que Ihe sirva? 
Quer uma pouca de sopa? 
Obrigado, aceitarei um pouco 

de vaca. 
Tern mui boa apparencia. 
De que parte gosta mais? 
Espero que este bocado e a sen 

gosto. 
Senhores, Vm. tern dous pratos 

diante de si. 
Sirvab-se. 
Sirvao-se sem ceremonia da- 

quillo de que mais gostarem. 
Quer um pouco deste assado? 

Gosta de gordura? 

De-me do que nab tern gordura, 

por quern e. 
Que tal acha o assado? 

Excellente. 

Que quer Vm. comer com a 

came ? 
Posso servir-lhe alguma horta- 

lica ? 
Quer Vm. ervilhas ou couves 

flores? 
Gosto tanto d'um, como d'outro. 
Vou servir-lhe desta ave. 

Muito obrigado, tenho comido 

sufficiente. 
Vm. come mui pouco. 
Vm. nab come nada. 



56 



I beg your pardon, I do ho- 
nour to your dinner. 
You may take away. 



Pelo contrario como suffi- 

ciente. 
Podem tirar a mesa. 



12. Tea, 



Have you carried in the tea- 
things? 
Everything is on the table. 
Does the water boil? 
Tea is ready. 
They are waiting for you. 
Here I am. 
We have not cups enough. 

We want two more cups and 

saucers. 
Bring another tea-spoon and 

a saucer. 
You have not brought in the 

sugar-tongs. 
Do you take cream? 
The tea is so strong. 
I shall thank you for a little 

more milk. 
Here are cakes and muffins. 
Do you prefer some bread 

and butter? 
I shall take a slice of bread 

and butter. 
Pass the plate this way. 
Ring the bell, if you please. 
Will you kindly ring the bell? 

We want some more water. 
Bring it as quickly as pos- 
sible. 
Take the plate with you. 

Is jour tea sweet enough? 



Trouxeste tudo quanto e mister 

para o did? 
Esld tudo na mesa. 
A agua estd a ferver? 
did estd prompto. 
Estamos a sua espera. 
Bis -me prompto. 
As chicaras nad sad 



iffi- 



cientes. 
E mister mais duas. 



Falta tambem uma collier e 

um pires. 
Esqueces-te de trazer a tenaz 

do assucar. 
Toma Vm leite? 
did estd muito forte. 
Pedir-lhe hei mais um pouco 

de leite. 
Ahi tern bolos, e bolachas. 
Tal vez queira antes fatias de 

pad com manteiga? 
Aceitarei uma fatia de pad 

com manteiga. 
Passe para cd o prato. 
Toque a campainha. 
Tenha a bondade de tocar a 

campainha? 
E nos mister mais agua. 
Traze-as o mais de pressa pos- 

sivel. 
Leva ao mesmo tempo este 

prato. 
seu did tern o assucar suf- 

ficiente? 



57 



Have I put sugar enough in 

your tea? 
It is excellent. 

I do not like it quite so sweet. 
Your tea is very good. 
Where do you huy it? 
I buy it at . . . 
Have you already done? 
You will take another cup. 

I shall pour you out half a 

cup. 
You will not refuse me. 
I have already drunk three 

cups, and I never drink 

more. 



Nao sei se deitei bastante as- 
sucar no seu chd? 

Estd muy bem temperado. 

Nao gosto delle muito doce. 

seu chd e muito bom. 

Onde o compra? 

Compro-o em casa de . . . 

Vm. nao quer mais chd? 

Vm. ha de iomar mais wna 
chicara. 

Vou dar-lhe uma meia chi- 
cara. 

Espero qui nao a ha de engeilar. 

Jd tomei tres chicaras e nunca 
tomo mais. 



SECOND COURSE. 



Verbs. 



T h 


e Auxiliary V e 

1. 

Ter and Haver, to have. 

Infinitive Mood. 


rbs, 


Present. 


ter or haver, 


to have. 


Past. 


ter tido - ter havido, 


to have had. 


Gerund. 


tendo - havendo, 


having. 


Participles. 


tido, tida - havido, havida, had. 




Indicative Mood. 






Present. 




eu tenho 


or hei, 


I have 


tu tens 


- has, 


thou hast 


elle or ella tern - ha, 


he or she has 


nos temos 


- havemos or hemos, 


we have 


vos tendes 


- haveis, 


you have 


elles or ellas i 


■em - hao, 

Imperfect. 


they have. 


tinha 


or havia, 


I had 


tinhas 


- havias, 


thou hadst 


tinha 


- havia, 


he had 


tinhamos 


- haviamos, 


we had 


tinheis 


- havieis, 


you had 


linhao 


- havido, 


they had. 



59 







Past definite. 




live 


or 


houve, 


1 have had 


tiveste 


- 


houveste, 


thou hast had 


teve 


- 


houve, 


he has had 


tivemos 


- 


houvemos, 


we have had 


tivestes 


- 


houvestes, 


you have had 


tiverao 




houverao, 
Past indefinite. 


they have had. 


tenho tido 


or 


tenho havido, N 




tens tido 


- 


tens havido, j 




tern tido 
temos tido 


: 


tem havido, \ 
temos havido, I 


> I have had. 


tendes tido 


- 


tendes havido, ] 




tem tido 




tem havido, ) 
Past anterior. 




tivera 


or 


houvera, 


I had had 


tiveras 


- 


houveras, 


thou hadst had 


tivera 


- 


houvera, 


he had had 


tiveramos 


■ 


houveramos, 


we had had 


tivereis 


- 


houvereis, 


you had had 


tiverao 




houverao, 
Pluperfect. 


they had had. 


tinha tido 


or 


tinha havido, 


I had had 


tinhas tido 


- 


tinhas havido, 


thou hadst had 


tinha tido 


- 


tinha havido, 


he had had 


tinhamos tido 


- 


tinhamos havido, 


we had had 


tinheis tido 


- 


tinheis havido, 


you had had 


tinhao tido 




tinhao havido, , 
Future. 


they had had. 


terei 


or 


haverei, 


I shall have 


terds 


- 


haverds, 


thou shalt have 


terd 


- 


haverd, 


he shall have 


teremos 


- 


haveremos, 


we shall have 


tereis 


- 


havereis, 


you shall have 


terao 


- 


haverao, 


they shall have. 



60 



d 


ompt 


)und Future anterior. 


hei de ter 


or 


hei de haver, 


\ 


has de ter 


- 


has de haver, 


J 


ha de ter 


- 


ha de haver, 


I I shall (must, will) 


havemos de ter 


- 


havemos de haver, 


( have. 


haveis de ter 


- 


haveis de haver, 


1 


hao de ter 




hao de haver, 
Future past. 




terei tido 


or 


terei havido, 


I shall have had 


terds tido 


- 


terds havido, 


thou shalt have had 


terd tido 


- 


terd havido, 


he shall have had 


leremos tido 


- 


teremos havido, 


we shall have had 


tereis tido 


- 


tereis havido, 


you shall have had 


terao tido 




terao havido, 
Conditional. 


they shall have had. 


teria 


or 


haveria, 


I should have 


terias 


- 


haverias, 


thou should st have 


teria 


- 


haveria, 


he should have 


teriamos 


- 


haveriamos, 


we should have 


terieis 


- 


haverieis, 


you should have 


teriao 


- 


haveriao, 


they should have. 




C 


onditional pas 


t. 


teria tido 


or 


teria havido, 


\ 


terias tido 


- 


terias havido, 


j 


teria tido 


- 


teria havido, 


\ I should have had. 


teriamos tido. 


- 


teriamos havido, 




terieis tido 


- 


terieis havido, 


1 


teriao tido 


- 


teriao havido, 


/ 




Subjunctive Moo 


d. 






Present. 




que tenha 


or 


haja, 


that I may have 


tenhas 


- 


hajas, 


that thou mayest have 


tenha 


- 


haja, 


that he may have 


tenhamos 


- 


hajamos, 


that we may have 


lenhais 


- 


hajais, 


that you may have 


tenhao 


- 


hajdo, 


that they may have. 



01 



Imperfect. 



que tivera 
tiveras 
tivera 
tiveramos 
tivereis 
tiverao 



or houvera, 

- houveras, 

- houvera, 

- houveramos, 

- houvereis, 

- houverao, 



that I might have 
that thou mightst have 
that he might have 
that we might have 
that you might have 
that they might have. 



Past definite. 



que tivesse 
tivesses 
tivesse 
tivessemos 
tivesseis 
tivessem 



or houvesse, 

- houvesses, 

- houvesse, 

- houvessemos, 

- houvesseis, 

- houvessem, 



that I may have had 
that thou mayest have had 
that he may have had 
that we may have had 
that you may have had 
that they may have had. 



Past inde finite. 

que tenha tido or tenha havido, that I may have had 

tenhas tido - tenhas havido, that thou mayest have had 

tenha tido - tenha havido, that he may have had 

tenhamos tido - tenhamos havido, that we may have had 

tenhais tido - tenhais havido, that you may have had 

tenhao tido - tenhao havido, that they may have had. 

Pluperfect. 

que tivesse tido or tivesse havido, that I might have had 

tivesses tido - tivesses havido, that thou mightst have had 

tivesse tido - tivesse havido, that he might have had 

tivessemos tido - tivessemos havido, that we might have had 

tivesseis tido - tivesseis havido, that you might have had 

tivessem tido - tivessem havido, that they might have had. 



Simple Future. 

quando eu tiver or eu houver, when I shall have 

tu tiveres - tu houveres, when thou shait have 

elle tiver - elle houver, when he shall have 

nostivermos - nos houvermos, when we shall have 

vos tiverdes - vos houverdes, when you shall have 

elles tiver em - elles houverem, when they shall have. 



62 



Com po u nd Future. 



quehaja de ter 
hajas de ter 
haja de ter 
hajamos de ter 
liajais de ter 
de ter 



or haja de haver, 

- hajas de haver, 

- haja de haver, 

- hajamos de haver, 

- hajais de haver, 

- hajao de haver, 

Future past. 



that. I shall have 
that thou shalt have 
that he shall have 
that we shall have 
that you shall have 
that they shall have. 



eu tiver tido or tiver havido, when I shall have had 

tu tiveres tido - tiveres havido, when thou shalt have had 

elle tiver tido - tiver havido, when he shall have had 

\nostivermostido - tivermos havido, when we shall have had 

jvos tiverdes tido - tiverdes havido, when you shall have had 

\elles tiver em tido - tiverem havido, when they shall have had. 



m p e r a 1 1 v e. 



First Person: wanting. 



tern tu 
tenha elle 
tenhamos nos 
tende vos 
tenhao elles 



or hajas tu, 

- haja elle (ella), 

- hajamos nos, 

- havei vos, 

- hajao elles (ellas), 



have thou 

let him (her) have 

let us have 

have ye 

let them have. 



Ohs. All Verbs composed of ter, are conjugated like it, 
as: confer, deter, manter, obter, reter etc. 



E x a m pies. 

Tenho pao 1 . Tens carne 2 . Elle tern vinho 3 . Tinhamos 
ameixas\ Eu live morangos 5 . Elle teve uma laranja . Ti- 
vemos framboezas 7 . Elles tiverao figos s . Hei de ter gro- 
selhas 9 . Meu irmao 10 ha de ternozes 11 . Minhas irmaas 12 hao 
de ter nesperas' 3 . Eu teria vacca 14 . 31eu amigo 15 teria vi- 
tella 16 . Tereis assado 17 . Elles teriao presunto ,s . Tenha elle 

1 bread. 2 meat. 3 wine. 4 plum. 5 strawberries. 6 orange. 
7 rasberry. 8 fig. 9 gooseberry. 10 brollier. 1 1 nut. 12 sister. 
13 medlar. 14 beef. 15 friend. 16 veal. 17 the roastmcat. 
18 ham. 



63 

pastel' 9 . TenhSo elles ovos 20 . Tenhamos bolo 21 . Tende v6s 
salada 22 . Que eu tivesse pimenta 23 . Que tu tivesses vina- 
gre 24 . Que elle livesse azeite 25 . Que n6s tivessemos mo- 
starda 26 Que vos tivesseis assucar 27 . Que elles tivessem 
especiarias 28 . 

19 pie. 20 egg. 21 cake. 22 salad. 23 pepper. 24 vinegar. 
25 oil. 26 mustard. 27 sugar. 28 spice. 



3. 

Exercises. 



I have beer 1 . Thou hast fruit 2 . He has apples 3 . We 
have a pear'. You have peaches 5 . They have cherries 6 . I 
had grapes 7 . Thou hadst almonds 8 . He had mulberries 9 . 
We had an apricot 10 . You had cheese 11 . They had milk 12 . 
I shall have haselnuts 13 . My brother will have butter 14 . We 
shall have chesnuts 15 . You will have a lemon 16 . Our garden- 
er 17 will have celery 1S . I would have cake. Thou wouldst 
have salad. He would have onions' 9 . Our game keeper 20 
would have venison 21 . We would have sour cherries 22 . You 
would have raisins 23 . Our cooks 24 would have olives 25 . That 
our friends 20 have a rosetree 27 . That we have a myrtle 28 . 
That you have an apricot-tree 29 . That our sisters have a bou- 
quet 30 . That I had cream 31 . That thou hadst salt 32 . That 
he had coffee 33 . That we had tea 3 ' 4 . That she had choco- 
late 35 . Have courage 30 . He may have a book 37 . Let us have 
patience 3S . Have a watermelon 39 . Let them have a melon 40 . 

1 cerveja. 2 fruta. 3 macaa. 4 pera. 5 pecego. 6 cereja. 7 uva. 
8 amendoa. 9 amora. 10 albricoque (damasco). 1l queijo. 
12 leite. 13 avelaa. 14 manteiga. 15 castanha. 16 limao. 
17 jardineiro. 18 aipo. 19 cebola. 20 cacador. 21 caca. 22 
girijas. 23 passas, passas de uva. 24 cozinheira. 25 azeitona. 
26 amiga. 27 roseira. 28 murla. 29 damasqueiro. 30 rama- 
lhele. 31 nala. 32 sal. 33 cafe. 34 cha. 35 chocolate. 36 
corragem, animo. 37 livro. 38 paciencia. 39 nielancia, balancia. 
40 melilo. 



4. 
Examples. 

Tenho por ventura 1 uma faca 2 ? Tens tu urn garfo 3 ? 
Tendes vos guardanapos 4 ? Tern elles uma toalha 5 ? Tinha 
1 by accident. 2 knife. 3 fork. 4 table napkin. 5 towel. 



64 

eu urn prato ? Tem ella um copo 7 ? Temos nos copos? 
Tendes vos ouro 8 ? Tem elles prata 9 ? Tinha eu iiraa colher 10 ? 
Tinhamos n6s uma garrafa 11 ? Tinh3o elles ferro 12 ? Tive eu 
aco 13 ? Tivestes v6s chumbo"? Terei eu papel 15 ? Teras tu 
pennas 10 ? Vosso amigo tera o seu canivete 17 ? Teremos n6s 
livros? Tereis vos tinta 18 ? Suas irmSas, terao uma casa 19 ? 
Teria eu uma flor 20 ? Terieis v6s um jardim 21 ? 

6 plate. 7 glass. 8 gold. 9 silver. 10 spoon. 11 decanter. 
12 iron. 13 steel. 14 lead. 15 paper. 16 pens. 17 penknife. 
18 ink. 19 house. 20 flower. 21 garden. 



o. 
Exercises. 

Have I by accident a chamber 1 ? Hast thou a castle 2 ? 
Has he a tree 3 ? Have we money 4 ? Are you (have you) 
thirsty 5 ? Have thy friends a sword? Had I an opportu- 
nity ? Hadst thou a razor 7 ? Had you a horse 8 ? Had you 
permission 9 ? Would I have a tankard 10 ? Would she have 
a cat 11 ? Would we have a goat 12 ? Would you have a cow 13 ? 
Would they have an ox"? Would I have had a mule 15 ? 
Wouldst thou have had a dog 10 ? 

1 quarto. 2 castello. 3 arvore. 4 dinheiro. 5 sede. 6 occasiao. 
7 navalha. 8 cavallo. 9 licenca. 10 cantaro. 11 gato (gata). 
12 cabra. 13 vacca. 14 boi. 15 burro. 16 cao. 



6. 

Conjugation of the Verbs „ser" and ,,estar", to be. 

Infinitive Mood. 



Present. 


ser 


or estar, 


to be. 


Past. 


ter sido 


- ter estado, 


to have been. 


Gerund. 


sendo 


- estando, 


being. 



Participles, sido, sida - estado, estada, been. 

Indicative Mood. 
Present. 



eu sou 


or estou, 


I am 


tu es 


- estds, 


thou art 


elle (ella) he 


- estd, 


he (she) is 



05 



nos somos 


or 


esiamos, 


we are 


vos so is 


- 


estais, 


you are 


elles (ellas) sao 




estao, 
Imperfect. 


they are. 


era 


or 


estava, 


I was 


eras 


- 


estavas, 


thou wast 


era 


- 


estava, 


he was 


eramos 


- 


estavamos, 


we were 


ereis 


- 


estaveis, 


you were 


erao 




estavao, 

Past definite. 


they were. 


fui 


or 


estive, 


I have been 


foste 


- 


estiveste, 


thou hast been 


foi 


- 


esteve, 


he has been 


fomos 


- 


estivemos, 


we have been 


fostes 


- 


estivestes, 


you have been 


forao 




estiverao, 
Past indefinite. 


they have been. 


tenho sido 


or 


tenho estado, 


I have been 


tens sido 


- 


tens estado, 


thou hast been 


tern sido 


- 


tern estado, 


he has been 


temos sido 


- 


temos estado, 


we have been 


tendes sido 


- 


tendes estado, 


you have been 


tern sido 




tern estado, 
Past anterior. 


they have been. 


fora 


or 


estivera, 


I had been 


foras 


- 


estiveras, 


thou hadst been 


fora 


- 


estivera, 


he had been 


foramos 


- 


estiveramos, 


we had been 


foreis 


- 


estivereis, 


you had been 


forao 




estiverao, 
Pluperfect. 


they had been. 


tinha sido 


or 


tinha estado, 


I had been 


tinhas sido 


- 


tinhas estado, 


thou hadst been 


tinha sido 


- 


tinha estado, 


he had been 


tinhamos sido 


- 


tinhamos estado, 


we had been 


tinheis sido 


- 


tinheis estado, 


you had been 


tinhao sido 


- 


tinhao estado, 


they had been. 


AHN, Portuguese 


Grammar. 


5 



66 
Future. 



serei 


or 


estarei, 


I shall be 


serds 


- 


estards, 


thou shalt be 


sera 


- 


estard, 


he shall be 


seremos 


- 


estaremos, 


we shall be 


sereis 


- 


estareis, 


you shall be 


serdo 


- 


estardo, 


they shall be. 






Future anterior. 


hei de ser 


or 


hei de estar, 


I shall be 


has de ser 


- 


has de estar, 


thou shalt be 


ha de ser 


- 


ha de estar, 


he shall be 


havemos de ser 


- 


havemos de estar, 


we shall be 


haveis de ser 


- 


haveis de estar, 


you shall be 


hao de ser 




hao de estar, 
Future past 


they shall he. 


terei sido 


or 


terei estado, 


I shall have been 


terds sido 


- 


terds estado, 


thou shalt have been 


terd sido 


- 


terd estado, 


he shall have been 


teremos sido 


- 


teremos estado, 


we shall have been 


tereis sido 


- 


tereis estado, 


you shall have been 


terao sido 




terao estado, 

Conditional, 


they shall have been. 


seria 


or 


estaria, 


I should be 


serias 


- 


estarias, 


thou shouldst be 


seria 


- 


estaria, 


he should be 


seriamos 


- 


estariamos, 


we should be 


serieis 


- 


estarieis, 


you should be 


serido 


- 


estariao, 


they should be. 



Conditional past. 



teria sido 
terias sido 
teria sido 
teriamos sido 
terieis sido 
terido sido 



teria estado, 
terias estado, 
teria estado, 
teriamos estado, 
terieis estado, 
terido estado, 



I should have been 
thou shouldst have been 
he should have been 
we should have been 
you should have been 
they should have been. 



07 



que seja 
sejas 
seja 

sejamos 
sejais 



Subjunctive Mood 
Present. 
or estaja, 



que fora 
foras 
fora 
foramos 
foreis 
forao 



que fosse 
fosses 
fosse 
fossemos 
fosseis 
fossem 



que tenha sido 
tenhas sido 
tenha sido 
tenhamos sido 
tenhais sido 
tenhao sido 



esteja, 
estejamos, 
estejais, 
estejao, 



that I may be 
that thou mayest 
that he may be 
that we may be 
that you may be 
that they may be. 



he 



Imperfect. 
or estivera, that I might be 



estiveras, 

estivera, 

estiveramos, 

estivereis, 

estiverao, 



that thou mightst be 
that he might be 
that we might be 
that you might be 
that they might be. 



Past definite. 



or estivesse, 

- estivesses, 

- estivesse, 

- estivessemos, 

- estivesseis, 

- estivessem, 

Past 



that I may have been 
that thou mayest have been 
that he may have been 
that we may have been 
that you may have been 
that they may have been. 



indefinite. 

or tenha estado, that I may have been 

- tenhas estado, that thou mayest have been 

- tenha estado, that he may have been 

- tenhamos estado, that we may have been 

- tenhais estado, that you may have been 

- tenhao estado, that they may have been. 



Pluperfect. 

que tivesse sido or tivesse estado, that I might have been 
tivesses sido - tivesses estado, that thou mightst have been 
tivesse sido - tivesse estado, that he might have been 
tivessemos sido - tivessemos estado, that we might have been 
tivesseis sido - tivesseis estado, that you might have been 
tivessem sido - tivessem estado, that they might have been. 

5* 





68 






Simple 


Future. 


que for 


or estiver, 




that I shall be 


fores 


- estiveres, 




that thou shalt be 


for 


- estiver, 




that he shall be 


formos 


- estivermos, 




that we shall be 


fordes 


- estiverdes, 




that you shall be 


forem 


- estiverem. 




that they shall be. 



Compound Future. 
or haja de estar, 



que haja de ser 

hajas de ser - hajas de estar, 

haja de ser - haja de estar, 

hajamos de ser - hajamos de estar, 

hajais de ser - hajais de estar, 

hajao de ser - hajao de estar, 



that I shall be. 



Future past. 

'tiver sido or tiver estado, when I shall have been 

tiveres sido - tiveres estado, when thou shalt have been 

I tiver sido - tiver estado, when he shall have been 

Mvermos sido - tivermos estado, when we shall have been 

}tiverdes sido - tiverdes estado, when you shall have been 

tiverem sido - tiverem estado, when they shall have been. 



se tu 
seja elle 
sejamos nos 
sede vos 
sejao elles 



Imperative. 



or estd tu, 

- estejar elle, 

- estejamos nos, 

- estai vos, 

- estejao elles, 



be thou 
let him be 
let us be 
be ye 
let them be. 



60 



Active Verbs. 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 

Amar, to love. 

Infinitive Mood. 

Present. amar, to love. 

Perfect. ter amado, to have loved. 

Gerund. amando, loving. 

Participles, amado, amada, loved. 



amo, I love 
amas, thou lovest 
ama, he loves 



amava, I loved 
amavas, thou lovedst 
amava, he loved 



Indicative Mood. 
Present. 

amamos, we love 
amais, you love 
amao, they love. 

Imperfect. 

amdvamos, we loved 
amaveis, you loved 
amavao, they loved. 



amei, I have loved 
amaste, thou hast loved 
amon, he has loved 



Pas? definite. 

amamos, we have loved 
amastes, you have loved 
amdrao, they have loved. 



Pas? indefinite. 

tenho amado, I have loved temos amado, we have loved 

tens amado, thou hast loved tendes amado, you have loved 
tern amado, he has loved tern amado, they have loved. 



amdra, I had loved 
amdras, thou hadst loved 
amdra, he had loved 



Pas? anterior. 

amdramos, we had loved 
amdreis, you had loved 
amdrao, they had loved. 



70 

Pluperfect, 
tinha amado, I had loved tinhamos amado, we had loved 

tinhas amado, thou hadst loved tinheis amado, you have loved 
tinha amado, he had loved tinhao amado, they have loved. 

Future. 

amarei, I shall love amaremos, we shall love 

awards, thou shalt love amareis, you shall love 

amard, he shall love amarao, they shall love. 

Future anterior, 
hei de amar, I shall love havemos de amar, we shall love 

has de amar, thou shalt love haveis de amar, you shall love 
ha de amar, he shall love hap de amar, they shall love. 

Future past, 
terei amado, I shall have loved teremos amado, we shall have 
terds amado, thou shalt have loved 

loved tereis amado, you shall have 

terd amado, he shall have loved loved 

terao amado, they shall have 
loved. 

Conditional. 

amaria, I should love amariamos, we should love 

amarias, thou shouldst love amarieis, you should love 
amaria, he should love amarido, they should love. 

Co nditional past. 

teria amado, I should have teriamos amado, we should have 

loved loved 

terias amado, thou shouldst terieis amado, you should have 

have loved loved 

teria amado, he should have teriao amado, they should have 

loved loved. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present, 
que ame, that I may love que amemos, that we may love 

ames, that thou mayest ameis, that you may love 

love amem, that they may love. 

ame, that he may love 



71 

Imperfect. 

que am/no, that I might love que amdramos , that we might 
amdras, that thou mightst love 

love amdreis, that you might 

amdra, that he might love love 

amdrab, that they might 
love. 

Past definite. 

queamasse, that I may have que amassemos , that we may 

loved have loved 

amasses, that thou mayest amasseis, that you may have 

have loved loved 

amasse, that he may have amassem, that they may 

loved have loved. 

Past indefinite. 

que tenha amado , that I may que tenhamos amado , that we 

have loved may have loved 

tenhas amado, that thou tenhais amado, that you 

mayest have loved may have loved 

tenha amado, that he may tenhao amado, that they 

have loved may have loved. 

Pluperfect. 

que twesse amado, that I might que tivessemos amado, that we 

have loved might have loved 

tivesses amado, that thou tivesseis amado, that you 

mightst have loved might have loved 

tivesse amado, that he might tivessem amado, that they 

have loved might have loved. 

Future. 

queamar, when 1 shall love queamarmos, when we shall 
amares, when thou shalt love 

love amardes, when you shall 

amar, when he shall love love 

amarem, when they shall 
love. 



72 



Compoun 
que haja de amar, that I shall 
love 
hajas de amar, that thou 

shalt love 
haja de amar, that he shall 
love 

Futur 
que tiver amado , when I shall 
have loved 
tiveres amado, when thou 

shalt have loved 
tiver amado, when he shall 
have loved 



d Future, 
que hajamos de amar, that we 
shall love 
hajais de amar, that you 

shall love 
hajao de amar, that they 
shall love. 

e past, 
que tivermos amado, when we 
shall have loved 
tiver des amado, when you 

shall have loved 
tiverem amado, when they 
shall have loved. 



ama tu, love thou 
ame elle, let him love 



Imperative. 

amemos nos, let us love 

amai vos, love ye 

amem elles, let them love. 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 

Receber, to receive. 

I n fi n i t i v e Mood. 

Present. receber, to receive. 

Past. ter recebido, to have received. 

Gerund. recebendo, receiving. 

Participles, recebido, -a, received. 



ndicative Mood. 



eu recebo, I receive 

tu recebes, thou receivest 

elle recebe, he receives 



recebia, I received 
recebias, thou receivedst 
recebia, he received 



Present. 

nos recebemos, we receive 
vos recebeis, you receive 
elles recebem, they receive. 

Imperfect. 

recebiamos, we received 
recebieis, you received 
recebiao, they received. 



73 

Past definite. 

recebi, I have received recebemos, we have received 

recebeste, thou hast received recebestes, you have received 
recebeo, he has received receberao, they have received. 

Past indefinite. 

tenho recebido, I have received temos recebido, we have received 
tens recebido, thou hast received tendes recebido, you have rec. 
tern recebido, he has received temrecebido,thev have received. 

Past anterior. 

• 

recebera, I had received receberamos, we had received 

receberas, thou hadst received recebereis, you had received 
recebera, he had received receberao, they had received. 

Pluperfect, 
tinha recebido, I had received tinhamos recebido, we had rec. 
tinhas recebido, thou hadst rec. tinheis recebido, you had rec. 
tinha recebido, he had received tinhao recebido, they had rec. 

Future, 
receberei, I shall receive receberemos, we shall receive 

receberas, thou shalt receive recebereis, you shall receive 
recebera, he shall receive receberao, they shall receive. 

Future anterior, 
hei de receber, I shall receive havemos de receber, we shall rec. 
has de receber, thou shalt rec. haveis de receber, you shall rec. 
ha de receber, he shall rec. Mb de receber, they shall rec. 

Future past, 

terei recebido, I shall have re- teremos recebido, we shall have 

ceived received 

terds recebido, thou shalt have tereis recebido, you shall have 

received received 

terd recebido, he shall have re- terao recebido, they shall have 

ceived received. 

Conditional. 

receberia, 1 should receive receberiamos , we should re- 
receberias, thou shouldst re- ceive 

ceive receberieis, you should receive 

receberia, he should receive receberiao, they should receive. 



74 

Conditional past. 

teria recebido, I should have teriamos recebido, we should 
received have received 

terias recebido , thou shouldst terieis recebido, you should have 
have received received 

teria recebido, he should have teriao recebido, they should 
received have received. 



Subj unctive Mood. 

Presetit. 

quereceba, that I may receive que recebamos, that we may 
recebas, that thou mayest receive 

receive recebais, that you may re- 

receba, that he may receive ceive 

recebao, that they may re- 
ceive. 

Imperfect. 

que recebera, that I might re- que receberemos, that, we might 

ceive receive 

receberas, that thou mightst recebereis, that you might 

receive receive 

recebera, that he might re- receberao, that they might 

ceive receive. 

Past definite. 

que recebesse, that I may have que recebessemos , that we may 

received have received 

recebesses, that thou mayest recebesseis, that you may 

have received have received 

recebesse, that he may have recebessem, that they may 

received have received. 

Past indefinite. 

que tenha recebido , that I may que tenhamos recebido , that we 

have received may have received 

tenhas recebido, that thou tenhais recebido, that you 

mayest have received may have received 

tenha recebido, that he may tenhao recebido , that they 

have received may have received. 



75 



Pluperfect. 



que ticesse recebido, that I might 

have received 
liresses recebido, that thou 

mightst have received 
tivesse recebido, that he 

might have received 



que tivessemos recebido, that we 
might have received 

tivesseis recebido, that you 
might have received 

tivessem recebido, that they 
might have received. 



Future. 



quando receber, when I shall 
receive 
receberes, when thou 

shalt receive 
receber, when he shall 
receive 



quando recebermos , when we 
shall receive 
receberdes, when you 

shall receive 
receberem , when they 
shall receive. 



que haja de receber, that 

receive 
hajas de receber, that thou 

shalt receive 
haja de receber, that he 

shall receive 



Compound Future. 
shall 



que hajamos de receber, that we 

shall receive 
hajais de receber, that you 

shall receive 
hajao de receber, that they 

shall receive. 



Future past. 



quando tiver recebido, when I 
shall have received 

tiveres recebido, when 
thou shalt have re- 
ceived 

tiver recebido, when he 
shall have received 



quando tivermos recebido, when 
we shall have re- 
ceived 
tiverdes recebido, when 
you shall have re- 
ceived 
tiverem recebido, when 
they shall have re- 
ceived. 



recebe tu, receive thou 
receba elle, let him receive 



mperative Mood. 

recebamos nos, let us receive 
recebei vos, receive ye 
recebao, let them receive. 



76 

9. 
THIRD CONJUGATION. 

Partir, to divide. 

Infinitive Mood. 

Present. partir, to divide. 
Past. ter partido, to have divided. 

Gerund. partindo, dividing. 
Participles, partido, partida, divided. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present, 
parto, I divide partimos, we divide 

partes, thou dividest partis, you divide 

parte, he divides partem, they divide. 

Imperfect, 
partia, I divided partiamos, we divided 

partias, thou dividedst partieis, you divided 

partia, he divided partiao, Ihey divided. 

Past definite, 
parti, I have divided partimos, we have divided 

partiste, thou hast divided partistes, you have divided 

partio, he has divided partirao, they have divided. 

Past indefinite, 
tenho partido, I have divided temos partido, we have divided 
tens partido, thou hast divided tendes partido, you have divided 
tern partido, he has divided tern partido, they have divided. 

Past anterior, 
partira, I had divided partiramos, we had divided 

partiras, thou hadst divided partireis, you had divided 
partira, he had divided partirao, they had divided. 

Pluperfect, 
tinha partido, 1 had divided tinhamos partido, we had di- 
tinhas partido, thou hadst di- vided 

vided tinheis partido, you had divided 

tinha partido, he had divided tinhao partido, they had divided. 



77 



Future. 



partirei, I shall divide 
partirds, thou shalt divide 
partirei, he shall divide 



partiremos, we shall divide 
partireis, you shall divide 
partirao, they shall divide. 



hei de partir 
has de partir, 
ha de partir, 



terei partido, 

video" 
terds partido, 

divided 
terd partido 

divided 



Future anterior. 

I shall divide havemos de partir, we shall 
thou shalt divide divide 

he shall divide haveis de partir, you shall divide 
hao de partir, they shall divide. 

Future past. 



I shall have di- 
thou shalt have 
he shall have 



teremos partido, we shall have 

divided 
tereis partido, you shall have 

divided 
terao partido, they shall have 

divided. 



Conditional. 

partiria, I should divide partiriamos, we should divide 

partirias, thou shouldst divide partirieis, you should divide 
partiria, he should divide partiriao, they should divide. 

Conditional past. 

teria partido, I should have teriamos partido, we should 
divided have divided 

terias partido, thou shouldst terieis partido, you should have 
have divided divided 

teria partido , he should have terido partido, they should have 
divided divide. 



Subjunctive Mood. 
Present. 

que porta, 'that I may divide que partamos, that we may di- 
partas, that thou mayest vide 

divide partais, that you may di- 

parta, that he may divide vide 

partdo, that they may di- 
vide 



78 
Imperfect. 

quepartira, that I might divide que partiramos, that we might 
partiras, that thou mightst divide 

divide partireis, that you might 

partira, that he might di- divide 

vide partirao, that they might 

divide. 

Past definite. 

quepartisse, that I may have que partissemos , that we may 

divided have divided 

partisses, that thou mayest partisseis, that you may- 
have divided have divided 

partisse, that he may have partissem, that they may 

divided have divided. 



que tenha partido , that 

have divided 
tenhas partido, that thou 

mayest have divided 
tenha partido, that he may 

have divided 



Past indefinite, 
may 



que tenhamos partido , that we 
may have divided 

tenhais partido, that you 
may have divided 

tenhao partido, that they 
may have divided. 



Pluperfect. 



que tivesse partido, that I might 

have divided 
tivesses partido, that thou 

mightst have divided 
tivesse partido, that he might 

have divided 



que tivessemos partido, that we 
might have divided 

tivesseis partido, that you 
might have divided 

tivessem partido, that they 
might have divided. 



Futuri 



quando partir, when 

divide 
partires , when thou 

shalt divide 
partir, when he shall 

divide 



shall quando partirmos , when we 
shall divide 

partirdes, when you 
shall divide 

partirem , when they 
shall divide. 



79 

Compound Future. 

que haja de partir, that I shall (pie hajamos de partir, that we 

divide shall divide 

hajas de partir, that thou hajais de partir, that you 

shalt divide shall divide 

haja de partir, that he shall hajao de partir, that they 

divide shall divide. 

Future past. 

quando liver partido, when I shall have divided 

liveres partido, when thou shalt have divided 
tiver partido, when he shall have divided 
tivermos partido, when we shall have divided 
tiverdes partido, when you shall have divided 
tiver em partido, when they shall have divided. 



mperative Mood. 

partamos \ 
parti vos, 
partao elles, let them divide. 



parte tu, divide thou partamos nos, let us divide 

parta elle, let him divide parti vos, divide ye 



10. 

The Passive Verbs. 

The Passive Verb is conjugated in all its tenses by the 
Auxiliary Verb „ser" to be, to become, to which is added the 
Participle of the Passive Verb, as: 

sou amado — I am loved 

tu es amado — thou art loved 

serei amado — I shall be loved 

eu seria amado — I should be loved. 



11. 

The Neuter Verbs 
are conjugated with the Auxiliary Verb „ter" to have, as: 



80 

tenho dormido — I have slept 
tenho cahido — I have fallen 

eu tenho chegado — 1 have arrived. 

They are otherwise conjugated like the Active Verbs: 
amor, receber, partir. 



12. 

The Reflective Verbs 

are conjugated with „ter" and the Pronouns me, me — te, thee 
— se, it — nos, we — vos, you. 

Lembrar-se, to remember. 

Infinitive Mood. 

Present. lembrar-se, to remember. 
Past. terse lembrado, to have remembered. 

Gerund. lembrando-se, remembering. 
Participle, lembrado, lembrada, remembered. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

eu me lembro, I remember nos nos lembramos, we re- 

tu te Umbras, thou rememberst member 

elle se rembra, he remembers vos vos lembrais, you remember 

elles se lembrao, they remember. 

Imperfect, 
eu me lembrava, I remembered nos nos lembravamos, we re- 
ft* te lembravas, thou remem- membered 

beredst vos vos lembraveis, you remem- 

elle se lembrava, he remem- bered 

bered elles se lembravao, they remem- 

bered. 

Past definite, 

eu me lembrei, I have remem- nos nos lembramos, we have 

bered remembered 

tu te lembraste, thou hast re- vos vos lembrastes, you have 

membered remembered 

elle se lembrou, he has remem- elles se lembrdrao, they have 

bered remembered. 



81 
Past indefinite. 



en me tenho lembrado, I have 

remembered 
tu te tens lembrado, thou hast 

remembered 
elle se tern lembrado, he has 

remembered 



nos nos temos lembrado, we 

have remembered 
vos vos tendes lembrado, you 

have remembered 
elles se tern lembrado, they have 

remembered. 



Past anterioi 
had remem- 
thou hadst 



eu me lembrdra, 

bered 
tu te lembrdras 

remembered 
elle se lembrdra, he had re 

membered 



nos nos lembrdramos, we had 

remembered 
vos vos lembrdreis, you had 

remembered 
elles se lembrdrao, they had 

remembered. 



Pluperfect. 



had 



thou 



eu me tinha lembrado, '. 

remembered 
tu te tinhas lembrado, 

hadst remembered 
elle se tinha lembrado, he had 

remembered 



nos nos tinhamos lembrado, we 

had remembered 
vos vos tinheis lembrado, you 

had remembered 
elles se tinhao lembrado, they 

had remembered. 



Future. 

eu me lembrarei, I shall re- nos nos lembrar emos, we shall 

member remember 

tu te lembrards, thou shalt re- vos vos lembrareis, you shall 

member remember 

elle se lembrard, he shall re- elles se lembrar do , they shall 

member remember. 



eu me hei de lembrar, 

remember 
tu te has de lembrar, thou shalt 

remember 
elle se ha de lembrar, he shall 

remember 

AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 



Future anterior. 
shall 



nos nos havemos de lembrar, 

we shall remember 
vds vos haveis de lembrar, you 

shall remember 
elles se hao de lembrar, they 

shall remember. 



^2 



Future past. 



eu me lerei lembradq, 1 shall 

have remembered 
tu te terds lembrado, thou shalt 

have remembered 
die se terd lembrado, he shall 

have remembered 



nos nos leremos lembrado, we 
shall have remembered 

vos vos tereis lembrado, you 
shall have remembered 

elles se terao lembrado, they 
shall have remembered. 



Conditional. 



eu me lembraria, I should re- 
member 

tu te lembrarias, thou shouldst 
remember 

elle se lembraria, he should 
remember 



nos ?ios lembrariamos, we should 

remember 
vos vos lembrarieis, you should 

remember 
elles se lembrariao, they should 

remember. 



eu me teria lembrado, 

have remembered 
tu te terias lembrado, thou 

shouldst have remembered 
elle se teria lembrado, he should 

have remembered 



Conditional past 
should 



nos nos teriamos lembrado, we 
should have remembered 

vos vos terieis lembrado, you 
should have remembered 

elles se terido lembrado, they 
should have remembered. 



Subjunctive Mood. 
Present. 

que eu me lembre, that I may que nos nos lembremos, that 

remember we may remember 

tu te lembres, that thou vos vos lembreis, that you 

mayest remember may remember 

elle se lembre, that he may elles se lembrem, that they 

remember may remember. 



Imperfect. 



que eu me lembrasse, that I 
might remember 

tu te lembrasses, that thou 
mightst remember 

elle se lembrasse, that he 
might remember 



nos nos lembrassemos, that 
we might remember 

vos vos lembrasseis, that 
you might remember 

elles se lembrassem, that 
they might remember. 



83 



que 



Past indefinite. 



eu we tenha lembrado 
tu te tenhas lembrado 
elle se tenha lembrado 
nos nos tenhamos lembrado 
vds vos tenhais lembrado 
ettes se tenhdo lembrado 



that I may have remembered. 



que 



Pluperfect. 



en me tivesse lembrado 
tu te tivesses lembrado 
elle se tivesse lembrado 
nos nos tivessemos lembrado 
vos vos tivesseis lembrado 
elles se tivessem lembrado 



that 



might have 
bered. 



Future. 



eu me lembrar 
tu te lembrares 
elle se lembrar 
nos nos lembrar mos 
vos vos lembrardes 
elles se lembrarem 



when I shall remember. 



Compound Future. 



que eu me haja de lembrar 
tu te hajas de lembrar 
elle se haja de lembrar 
nos nos hajamos de lembrar 
vos vos hajeis de lembrar 
elles se hajao de lembrar 



that I shall remember. 



Future past. 



quando eu me fiver lembrado 
tu te tiveres lembrado 
elle se tiver lembrado 
nos nos tivermos lembrado 
vos vos tiverdes lembrado 
elles se tiverem lembrado 



when I shall have remem- 
bered. 



6* 



84 

Imperative Mood. 

Umbra- te tu, remember thou 

lembre-se elle, let him remember 

lembremos-nos nos, let us remember 

lembrai-vos vos, remember ye 

lembrem-se elks, let them remember. 

Observ. In all the simple tenses of the Indicative Mood, 
is it unimportant whether the Pronouns me, te, se, nos, vos 
stand before or after the Verb, and one may therefore say 
either: eu me lembro, or eu lembro-me, eu me lembrava and 
eu lembrava-me, but in the compound tenses as well as in the 
Subjunctive and Imperative Mood they must stand before the 
Verb, as: eu me tenho lembrado, que eu me lembre, que eu me 
lembrasse. 



13. 
Irregular Verbs. 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 
1. Dar, to give.*) 
Indicative Mood. 
Present. 
eu dou, I give Nos damos, we give 

tu das, thou givest vos dais, you give 

elle da, he gives elles dao, they give. 

Past definite. 

eu dei, I have given nos demos, we have given 

tu deste, thou hast given vos destes, you have given 

elle deo, he has given elles derao, they have given, 

Past anterior. 
eu dera, I had given nos deramos, we had given 

tu deras, thou hadst given vos dereis, you had given 

elle dera, he had given elles derao, they had given. 



*) Only the irregular lenses are given, the others are conjugated in 
the regular manner. 



85 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present. 

que i'H de, that I may give que nos demos, that we may 

tu des, that thou mayest give 

give vos dels, that you may give 

elle de, that he may give elles dem, that they may 

give. 

Imperfect. 

que en dera, that I might give que nos deramos, that we might 
tu deras, that thou mightst give 

give vos dereis, that you might 

elle dera, that he might give 

give elles derao, that they might 

give. 
Past. 

queeudesse, that I may have que nos dessemos, that we may 

given have given 

tu desses, that thou mayest vos desseis, that you may 

have given have given 

elle desse, that he may have elles dessem, that they may 

given have given. 
Future. 

quando eu der, when I shall quando nos dermos, when we 

give shall give 

tuderes, when thou shalt vos derdes, when you 

give shall give 

elle der, when he shall elles derem, when they 

give shall give. 

2. The Verbs ending in ,,car" 

have no other irregularity than that they change the c every- 
time into qu, if an e follows in the conjugation, as: ficar, to 
remain, 

fiquei (not ficei), I have remained, 
que eu figue (not fice), that I may remain; 
this irregularity is only maintained for the purpose of keeping 
the same pronunciation for the Verb throughout, which would 
otherwise not be the case. 



86 

3. The Verbs ending in „gar" 

change the g, if followed hy an e, into gu, for the sake of 
Pronunciation. 



4. The Verbs ending in „iar" 

take an e before i in all persons of the Indicative Mood, as 
premiar, to reward, 

premeio, premeias, premeia, premeiamos etc. 



14. 

SECOND CONJUGATION. 
5. Dizer, to say. 
Indicative Mood. 
Present. 
eu digo, I say nos dizemos, we say 

in dizes, thou sayest vos dizeis, you say 

elle diz, he says elles dizem, they say. 

Past definite. 

eu disse, I have said nos dissemos, we have said 

tu disseste, thou hast said vos dissestes, you have said 

elle disse, he has said elles disserao, they have said. 

Past anterior. 

eu dissera, I had said nos disseramos, we had said 

tu disseras, thou hadst said vos disserais, you had said 
elle dissera, he had said elles disserao, they had said. 

Future, 
eu direi, I shall say nos diremos, we shall say 

tu dirds, thou shall say vos direis, you shall say 

elle dird, he shall say elles dirao, they shall say. 

Conditional. 

eu diria, I would say nos diriamos, we would say 

tu dirias, thou wouldst say vos dirieis, you would say 

elle diria, he would say elles dirido, they would say. 



S7 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present. 

queen diga, that I may say que nos digamos, that we may 
la digas, that tliou mayest say 

say vos digais, that you may 

elle diga, that he may say say 

elles digao, that they may 
say. 
Imperfect. 

que en dissera, that I might say que nosdisseramos,t\ml we might 
tu disseras, that thou mightst say 

say vos disserais, that you might 

elle dissera, that he might say 

say elles disserao, that they might 

say. 
Past. 

que en dissesse, that I may have que nos dissessemos, that we may 

said have said 

tu dissesses, that thou mayest vos dissesseis, that you may 

have said have said 

elle dissesse, that he may elles dissessem, that they may 

have said have said. 
Future. 

quando eu disser, when I shall quondo nos dissermos, when we 

say shall say 

tu disseises, when thou vos disserdes, when you 

shalt say shall say 

elle d,isser,\\hen he shall elles disserem, when they 

say shall say. 

Imperative Mood. 

dize-tu, say thou digamos -nos, let us say 

diga- elle, let him say dizei-vos, say ye 

digao- elles, let them say. 

Participle: dito, dita, said. 

All Verbs composed of dizer are conjugated in the same 
manner, as: contradizer, desdizer, etc. 



6. Fazer, to do, to make. 
Indicative Mood. 
Present, 
eu faco, I do nos fazemos, we do 

tu fazes, thou doest vos fazeis, you do 

elle faz, he does elles fazem, they do. 

Past definite. 

eu fiz, I have done nos fizemos, we have done 

tu fizeste, thou hast done vos fizestes, you have done 

elle fez, he has done elles fizerao, they have done. 

Pluperfect. 

eu fizera, I had done nos fizeramos, we had done 

tu fizeras, thou hadst done vos fizereis, you had done 
elle fizera, he had done elles fizerao, they had done. 

Future, 
eu farei, I shall do nos faremos, we shall do 

tu fards, thou shalt do vos fareis, you shall do 

elle fard, he shall do elles farao, they shall do. 

Conditional. 

eu faria, I would do nos fariamos, we would do 

tu farias, thou wouldst do vos farieis, you would do 

elle faria, he would do elles fariao, they would do. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present, 
queeufaea, that I may do que nos /acamos, that we may do 

tu facas, that thou mayest do vos facais, that you may do 

elle faca, that he may do elles facao, that they may 

do. 
Imperfect. 

que eu fizera, that I might do que nos fizeramos, that we might 
tu fizeras, that thou mightst do 

do vos fizerais, that you might 

elle fizera, that he might do do 

elles fizerao, that they might 
do. 



89 

Perfect. 

que eu fizesse, that I may have que nos fizessemos, that we may- 
done have done 

lu fizesses, that thou mayest vos fizesseis, that you may 

have done have done 

elle fizesse, that he may elles fizessem, that they may 

have done have done. 

Future. 

quando eu fizer, when 1 shall quando nos fizermos, when we 

do shall do 

lu fizeres, when thou vos fizerdes, when you 

shalt do shall do 

elle fizer, when he shall elles fizerem, when they 

do shall do. 

Imperative Mood. 

faze-tu, do thou facamos-nos, let us do 

faca elle, let him do fazei-vos, do ye 

facao elles, let them do. 

Participle: feito, feita, done. 



7. Poder, to be able, to can. 
Indicative Mood. 
Present, 
eu posso, I cail nos podemos, we can 

tu podes, thou canst vos podeis, you can 

elle pode, he can elles podem, they can. 

Perfect, 
eu pude, I have been able nos pudemos, we have been able 

tu pudeste, thou hast been able vos pudestes, you have been able 
elle pode, he has been able elles puderap, they have been 

able. 

Pluperfect, 
eu pudera, I had been able nos puderamos, we had been able 
tupuderas, thou hadst been able vospudereis, you had been able 
elle pudera, he had been able elle puderao, they had been able. 



90 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Present. 

que eu possa, that I may be que nos possamos, that we may- 
able be able 

tu possas, that thou mayest vos possais, that you may 

be able be able 

elle possa, that he may be elles possao, that they may 

able be able. 

Imperfect. 

que eu pudera, that 1 might be quenospuderamos,t\iat we might 

able be able 

tu puderas, that thou mightst vos pudereis, that you might 

be able be able 

elle pudera, that he might ellespuderao, that they might 

be able be able. 

Perfect. 

que eu pudesse, that I may have que nos pudessemos, that we may 

been able have been able 

tupudesses, that thou mayest vos pudesseis, that you may 

have been able have been able 

elle pudesse, that he may elles pudessem, that they 

have been able may have been able. 

Future. 

quando eu puder, if I could be quando nos pudermos, if we 

able could be able 

tu puder es , if thou vos puderdes, if you 

couldst be able could' be able 

elle puder, if he could elles puderem, if they 

be able could be able. 



3. Querer, to wish, to will. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

eu quero, I wish nos queremos, we wish 

tu queres, thou wishest vos quereis, you wish 

elle quer, he wishes elles querem, they wish. 



Perfect. 

en quiz, 1 have wished nos quizemos, we have wished 

tu quizeste, thou hast wished vos quizestes, you have wished 
elle quiz, he has wished elles quizerao, they have wished. 

Pluperfect. 

eu quizera, I had wished nos quizeramos, we had wished 

tu quizeras, thou liadst wished vos quizereis, you had wished 
elle quizera, he had wished elles quizerao, they had wished. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present. 

que eu queira, that I may wish que nos queiramos, that we may 
tu queiras, that thou mayest wish 

wish vos queirais, that you may 

elle queira, that he may wish 

wish elles queirao, that they may 

wish.. 
Imperfect. 

que eu quizera, that I might que nos quizeramos, that we 

wish might wish 

fat 5M?2erfls,that thou mightst vos quizereis, that you 

wish might wish 

elle quizera, that he might elles quizerao, that they 

wish might wish. 

Perfect. 

que eu quizesse, that I may have que nos quizessemos, that we 

wished may have wished 

tu quizesses,that thou mayest vos quizesseis , that you 

have wished may have wished 

elle quizesse, that he may elles quizessem, that they 

have wished may have wished. 

Future. 

quando eu quizer, when I shall quando nos quizermos, when we 

wish shall wish 

tu quizeres, when thou vos quizerdes, when you 

shalt wish shall wish 

elle quizer, when he elles quizerem, when they 

shall wish shall wish. 



02 



Imperative Mood. 

queiras tu, wish thou queiramos nos, let us wish 

queira elk, let him wish queirais vos, wish ye 

queirao elks, let them wish. 



9. Saber, to know. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

eu sei, I know nos sabemos, we know 

tu sabes, thou knowest vos sabeis, you know 

elk sabe, he knows elks sabem, they know. 

Perfect. 

eu soube, I have known nos soubemos, we have known 

tu soubeste, thou hast known vos soubestes, you have known 
elk soube, he has known elks souberao, they have known. 

Pluperfect. 

eu soubera, I had known nos souberamos, we had known 

tu souberas, thou hadst known vos soubereis, you had known 
elk soubera, he had known elks souberao, they had known. 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Present. 

que eu saiba, that I may know que nos saibamos, that we may 
tu saibas, that thou mayest know 

know vos saibais, that you may 

elk saiba, that he may know 

know elks saibao, that they may 

know. 

Imperfect. 

que eu soubera , that I might que nos souberamos, that we 

know might know 

tu souberas,i\\dX thou mightst v 6s soubereis, that you might 

know know 

elk soubera, that he might elks souberao, that they 

know might know. 



93 

Future. 

quando eu souber, when I shall quando nos soubermos, when we 

know shall know 

lu souberes, when thou vos souberdes, when you 

shall know shall know 

elle souber, when he elles souberem, when 

shall know they shall know. 

Imperative Mood. 

sabe tu, know thou saibamos nos, let us know 

saiba elle, let him know saibei vos, know ye 

saibdo elles, let them know. 



10. Tazer, to carry, to fetch. 
Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

eu trago, I carry nos trazemos, we carry 

tu trazes, thou earnest vos trazeis, you carry 

elle traz, he carries elles trazem, they carry. 

Perfect. 

eu trouxe, I have carried nos trouxemos, we have car- 

tu trouxeste, thou hast car- ried 

ried vos trouxestes, you have car- 

elle trouxe, he has carried ried 

elles trouxerao, they have car- 
ried. 

Pluperfect. 

eu trouxera, I had carried nos trouxeramos, we had car- 

tu trouxeras, thou hadst car- ried 

ried vos trouxereis, you had carried 

elle trouxera, he had carried elles trouxerao, they had car- 
ried. 

Future. 

eu trarei, I shall carry nos traremos, we shall carry 

tu trards, thou shall carry vos trareis, you shall carry 

elle trard, he shall carry elles trarao, they shall carry. 



94 

Conditional. 

eu traria, I should carry nos trariamos, we should carry 

tu trarias, thou shouldst cany vos trarieis, you should carry 
elle traria, he should carry elles trariao, they should carry. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present, 
que eu traga, that I may carry que nos tragamos, that we may 
tu tragus, that thou mayest carry 

carry vos tragais, that you may 

elle traga, that he may carry carry 

elles tragao, that they may 
carry. 
Imperfect. 
que eu trouxera , that I might que nos trouxeramos , that we 
carry might carry 

tu trouxeras , that thou vos trouxereis, that you 

mightst carry might carry 

elle trouxera, that he might elles trouxerao, that they 

carry might carry. 

Perfect. 

que eu trouxesse , that I may que nos trouxessemos , that we 

have carried may have carried 

tu trouxesses, that thou vos trouxesseis, that you 

mayest have carried may have carried 

elle trouxesse, that he may elles trouxessem, that they 

have carried may have carried. 

Future, 

quando eu trouxer, when I shall quando nos trouxermos, when 

carry we shall carry 

tu trouxeres, when thou vos trouxerdes, when 

shalt carry you shall carry 

elle trouxer, when he elles trouxnem, when 

shall carry they shall carry. 

Imperative Mood. 

traze tu, carry thou tragamos, let us carry 

traga elle, let him carry trazei vos, carry ye 

tragao elles, let them carry. 



95 

11. Ver, to see. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

eu vejo, I see nos vemos, we see 

tu ve's, thou seest vos vedes, you see 

elle ve", he sees elles ve'm, they see. 

Imperfect. 

eu vi, I have seen nos vimos, we have seen 

tu viste, thou hast seen vos vistes, you have seen 

elle vio, he has seen elles virao, they have seen. 

Pluperfect. 

eu vira, I had seen nos viramos, we had seen 

tu virus, thou hadst seen vos vireis, you had seen 

elle vira, he had seen elles virao, they had seen. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present. 

queeuveja, that I may see que nos vejamos, that we may 

tu vejas, that thou mayest see 

see vos vejais, that you may see 

elle veja, that he may see elles vejao, that they may 

see. 

Imperfect. 

que eu vira, that I might see que nos viramos, that we might 
tu virus, that thou mightst see 

see vos virais, that you might 

elle vira, that he might see see 

elles virem, that they might 
see. 

Perfect. 

queeuvisse, that I may have que nos vissemos, that Ave may 

seen have seen 

tu visses, that thou mayest vos visseis, that you may 

have seen have seen 

elle visse, that he may have elles vissem, that they may 

seen have seen. 



96 

Future. 

quando en vir , when I shall quando nos virmos, when we 

see shall see 

tu vires, when thou vos virdes, when you 

shalt see shall see 

elle vir, when he shall elles virem, when they 

see shall see. 

Imperative Mood. 

ve tu, see thou vejamos nos, let us see 

veja elle, let him see vede vos, see ye 

vejao elles, let them see. 

Participle: visto, vista, seen. 

The Verbs composed of ver, are conjugated in the same 
manner, as: prever, rever, antever. 



12. Perder, to lose. 

The irregularity of this Verb consists in the following 
tenses changing the d into c. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

perco, I lose perdemos, we lose 

perdes, thou losest perdeis, you lose 

perde, he loses perdem, they lose. 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Present. 

queeuperca, that I may lose que nos percamos, that we may 
tu perms, that thou mayest lose 

lose vos percais, that you may 

elle perca, that he may lose 

lose elles percao, that they may 

lose. 



97 

Imperative Mood. 

perde ta, lose thou percamos nos, let us lose 

pgi ta die, let him lose perdei vos, lose ye 

percao elks, 1<:1 them lose. 



13. Valer, to be worth, 
changes I into Ih, in the following tenses. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

en valho, I am worth nos valemos 

tu vales \ „„„„]„„ vos valeis \ regular 



ellc vale i ° * elles valem 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Present. 

que eu valha, that I may be que nos valhamos, that we may 

worth be worth 

tu valhas, that thou mayest vos valhais, that you may 

be worth be worth 

die valha, that he may be elles valhao, that they may 

worth be worth. 



Imperative Mood. 

valhamos, 
valei vos, 
valhao elles, let them be worth. 



vale tu, be thou worth valhamos, let us be worth 

valha elle, let him be worth valei vos, be ye worth 



14. Ler, to read. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

eu leio, I read nos lemos, we read 

tu les, thou readest vos ledes, you read 

elle le, he reads elles Urn, they read. 

AMIS', Portuguese Grammar. 7 



Subjunctive Mood. 
Present, 
que eu leia, that I may read que nos leiamos, that we may 
tu leias, that thou mayest read 

read vos Uiais, that you may read 

elle leia, that he may read elles leiao, that they may 

read. 



le tu, read thou 

leia elle, let him read 



mperative Mood. 

leiamos, let us read 

lede vos, read ye 

leiao elles, let them read. 



The Verb „crer" to believe, is conjugated in the same 
manner. 



15. The Verbs ending in „ger" 

change g into / in all persons when it is followed by o or 
a, for the sake of pronunciation. As: eleger, to elect; elejo, 
que eu eleja, etc. 



15. 
THIRD CONJUGATION. 

16. Ir, to go. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 



eu vou, I go 

tu vas, thou goest 

elle vai, he goes 



eu hia, I went 

tu hias, thou wentest 

elle hia, he went 



nos vamos, we go 
vos ides, you go 
elles vao, they go. 

Imperfect. 

nos hiamos, we went 
vos hieis, you went 
elles hiao, they went. 



Perfect, 
eu fui, I have gone (like the Perfect of „ser" to be). 



99 

Pluperfect. 

en font, I had gone (like the Pluperfect of „ser"). 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Present. 

queeu vd, that I may go que nos vdmos, that we may go 

tu vds, that thou mayest go vds vades, that you may go 

elle vd, that he may go elles vao, that they may go. 

Imperfect. 

que eu for a, that I might go que nos foramos, that we might 
tu foras, that thou mightst go 

go vos form, that you might go 

elle fora, that he might go elles fordo, that they might 

go- 
Perfect. 

que eu fosse, that I may have gone (like „ser"). 

Future, 
quando eu for, when I shall go (like „ser"). 

Imperative Mood. 

vai tu, go thou vamos, let us go 

vd elle, let him go ide vos, go ye 

vao elles, let them go. 



17. Vir, to come, 
n d i ca ti ve Mood. 

Present. 



eu venho, I come 
tu vens, thou comest 
elle vem, he comes 



eu vinha, I came 

tu vinhas, thou earnest 

elle vinha, he came 



nos vimos, we come 
vds vindes, you come 
elles vem, they come. 

Imperfect. 

nos vinhamos, we came 
vos vinheis, you came 
elles vinhao, they came. 
7* 



100 

Perfect. 

eu vim, I have come nds viemos, we have come 

tu vieste, thou hast come vos viestes, you have come 

elle veio, he has come elles vierao, they have come. 

Pluperfect. 

eu viera, I had come nos vieramos, we had come 

tu vieras, thou hadst come vos viereis, you had come 
elle viera, he had come elles vierao, they had come. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present. 

que eu venha, that I may come que nos venhamos, that we may 
tu venhas, that thou mayest come 

come vos venhais, that you may 

elle venha, that he may come 

come elles venhao, that they may 

come. 

Imperfect. 

que eu viera, that I might come que nos vieramos, that we might 
tu vieras, that thou mightst come 

come vos viereis, that you might 

elle viera, that he might come 

come elles vierao, that they might 

come. 
Perfect. 

queeu viesse, that I may have que nos viessemos, that we may 

come have come 

tu viesses, that thou mayest vos viesseis, that you may 

have come have come 

elle viesse, that he may elles viessem, that they may 

have come have come. 

Future. 

quando eu vier, when I shall quando nos viermos, when we 

come shall come 

tu vieres, when thou vos vierdes, when you 

shalt come shall come 

elle vier, when he shall elles vierem, when the 

come shall come. 



101 

Imperative Mood. 

vem tu, come thou venhamos, let us come 

venha elk, let him come vinde vos, come ye 

veuhao elks, let them come. 

Participle: vindo, vinda, come. 



18. Pedir, to request, 
changes d in c in the following persons. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

eupeco, I request (the other persons are regular: pedes, pede, etc.). 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present. 

queen peca, that I may re- quenos pecamos, that we may 

quest request 

tu pecas, that thou mayest vos petals, that you may 

request request 

elk peca,. that he may re- elks pecao, that they may 

quest request. 

Imperative Mood. 

pede tu, request" thou pernios nos, let us request 

peca elk, let him request pedi vos, request ye 

pecao elks, let them request. 

„Medir" to mesure, is conjugated in the same manner. 



19. Rir, to laugh. 
Indicative Mood. 
Present, 
eu rio, I laugh nos rimos, we laugh 

tu ris, thou laughest vos rides, you laugh 

elk ri, he laughs elks rim, they laugh. 



102 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Present. 

queeuria, that I may laugh quenos riamos, that we may 
tu rias, that thou mayest laugh 

laugh vos Hats, that you may 

elle ria, that he may laugh 

laugh elles riao, that they may 

laugh. 

Imperative Mood. 

ri tu, laugh thou riamos, let us laugh 

ria elle, let him laugh ride vos, laugh ye 

riao elles, let them laugh. 



20. The Verbs ending in „gir" 

change the g into j in all persons where g is followed by o 
or a. 

21. The Verbs ending in ,,uzir" 

drop the final e in the third person Singular of the Present, 
as: conduz (not conduze), induz (not induze). 



22. The Verbs ending in „hir" 
change hi into i in the following persons. 

Indicative Mood. 
Present, 
eu saio, I go out (the others are regular: sahes, sahe, sahi- 
mos, etc.). 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Present, 
que eu saia, that I may go out que nos saiamos, that we may 
tu saias, that thou mayest go out 

go out vos saiais, that you may 

elle saia, that he may go go out 

out elles saiao, that they may 

so out. 



103 

Imperative Mood. 

sake tu, go thou out saiamos nos, let us go out 

saia elle, let him go out sahi vos, go ye out 

saiao elles, let them go out. 



23. Subir, to mount, 

changes u into o, in the second person Singular, third person 
Singular and Plural of the Present, and in the second person 
of the Imperative, as: sobes, sobe, sobem, sobe tu. 



24. Mentir, to lie, 
changes e into i in the following persons. 

Indicative Mood. 
Present, 
en minto, I lie (tu mentes, elle mente). 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present, 
que en minta, that I may lie que nos mintamos, that we may 
tu mintas, that thou mayest lie 

lie vos mintais, that you may lie 

elle minta, that he may lie elles mintao, that they may 

lie. 

Imperative Mood. 

mente tu, lie thou mintamos nos, let us lie 

minta elle, let him lie menti vos, lie ye 

mintao elles, let them lie. 

The same irregularities occur in sentir, to feel — servir, 
to serve — ferir, to wound. 



25. Dormir, to sleep. 

This Verb changes o into u in all persons, in which 
mentir changes the e into i, as: durmo, durma, durmamos. 



104 



i. Onvir, to hear. 



Tins Verb changes uvi into uc in all persons in which 
mentir changes e into i, as: eu ouco, I hear — que eu ouca, 
that I may hear. 

Imperative Mood. 

ouve tu, hear thou oucamos has, let us hear 

ouca elle, let him hear ouvi vos, hear ye 

oucdo elks, let them hear. 

Some writers change u into i, as: oico, oica. 



27. Por, to place, to put. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 

eu poriho, I place nos pomos, we place 

tu poes, thou placest vos pondes, you place 

elle poem, he places elles poem, they place. 

Imperfect. 

eu punha, I placed nos punhamos, we placed 

tu punhas, thou placedst vos punheis, you placed 

elle punha, he placed elles punhao, they placed. 

Pei" feet. 

eu puz, I have placed nos puzemos, we have placed 

tu puzeste, thou hast placed vos puzestes, you have placed 
elle poz, he has placed elles puzerao, they have placed. 

Pluperfect. 

eu puzera, I had placed nos puzeramos, we had placed 

tu puzeras, thou hadst placed vos puzereis, you had placed 
elle puzera, he had placed elles puzerao, they had placed. 

Future. 

eu porei, I shall place nos poremos, we shall place 

tu pords, thou shalt place vos poreis, you shall place 

elle pord, he shall place elles pordo, they shall place. 



105 

Conditional. 

eu porta, I should place nds poriamos, we should place 

tn pm ins, thou shouldst place vds porieis, you should place 
elle poria, he should place elles poriao, they should place. 

Suhjunctive Mood. 
Present. 

(pie eu ponha, that I may place que nds ponhamos, that we may 
tu ponhas, that thou mayest place 

place vds pouhais, that you may 

elle ponha, that he may place 

place elles ponhao, that they may 

place. 
Imperfect. 

que eu puzera, that I might que nds puzeramos, that we 

place might place 

tupuzeras, that thou mightst vds puzereis , that you 

place might place 

elle puzera, that he might elles puzerao, that they 

place might place. 

Perfect. 

que eu puzesse, that I may have que nds puzessemos , that we 

placed may have placed 

tupuzesses, that thou mayest vds puzesseis , that you 

have placed may have placed 

elle puzesse, thot he may elles puzessem, that they 

have placed may have placed. 

Future. 

quando eu puzer, when I shall quanalo nds puzermos, when we 

place shall place 

tu puzeres, when thou vds puzerdes, when you 

shall place shall place 

elle puzer, when he elles puzer em, when they 

shall place shall place. 

Imperative Mood. 

poe tu, place thou ponhamos nds, let us place 

ponha elle, let him place ponde vds, place ye 

ponhao elles, let them place. 



106 

Gerund.: pondo, placing. 
Participle: posto, posta, placed. 

The Verbs composed by por are conjugated in the same 
manner, as: 

antepor, compor, depor, dispor, propor. 



The following Verbs have two Participles, a regular and 
an irregular one. 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 



aceitar, 


to accept, 


aceitado, 


aceito 


enxugar, 


to dry, 


enxugado, 


enxnto 


exceptuar, 


to except, 


exceptuado, 


excepto 


expressar, 


to express, 


expressado, 


expresso 


expulsar, 


to ex pell, 


expulsado, 


expulso 


gastar, 


to spend, 


gastado, 


gasto 


imprensar, 


to print, 


imprensado, 


impresso 


izentar, 


to except, 


izentado, 


izento 


manifestar, 


to manifest, 


manifestado, 


manifesto 


pagar, 


to pay, 


pagado, 


pago 


salvar, 


to save, 


salvado, 


salvo 


professor, 


to act, profess, 


profcssado, 


professo 


soltar, 


to set at liberty, 


soltado, 


solto 


sujeitar, 


to subject, 


sujeitado, 


sujeito. 




SECOND CONJUGATION. 










\absoluto 
\absolto 


absolver, 


to acquit, 


absolvido, 


absorver, 


to swallow, 


absorvido, 


absorto 


accender, 


to light, 


accendido, 


acceso 


corromper, 


to corrupt, 


corrompido, 


corruplo 


eleger, 


to elect, 


elegido, 


eleito 


encher, 


to fill, 


enchido, 


cheio 


envolver, 


to envelope, 


envoloido, 


envolto 


escrever, 


to write, 


escrevido, 


escrito 


mcorrer, 


to incur (a pe- 
nalty), 


incorrido, 


incurso 


inlerromper, 


to interrupt, 


inlerrompido, 


interruplo 


morrer, 


to die, 


morrido, 


morto 



107 



prender, 


to take (into 
charge), 


prendido, 


preso 


romper, 


to break (open), 


rompido, 


roto 


suspender, 


to postpone, 


suspendido, 


suspenso 


torcer, 


to turn, 


torcido, 


torto. 




THIRD CONJUGATION. 




abrir, 


to open, 


abrido, 


aberto 


affliyir, 


to afflict, 


affligido, 


afflicto 


concluir, 


to close, shut, 


concluido, 


concluso 


contrahir, 


to contract, 


contrahido, 


contracto 


cubrir, 


to cover, 


cubrido, 


cuberto 


dislinguir, 


to distinguish, 


distinguido, 


distincto 


distrahir, 


to abstract, 


distrahido, 


distracto 


erigir, 


to erect, 


erigido, 


erecto 


exhaurir, 


to exhaust, 


exhaurido, 


exhausto 


expellir, 


to expell 


expellido, 


expulso 


exprimir, 


to express, 


exprimido, 


expresso 


exstinguir, 


to extinguish, 


extinguido, 


extincto 


extrahir, 


to extract, 


extrahido, 


extracto 


frigir, 


to fry, 


frigido, 


frito 


imprimir, 


to impress, 


imprimido, 


impresso 


incluir, 


to shut up, 


incluido, 


incluso 


inserir, 


to insert, 


inserido, 


inserto 


opprimir, 


to oppress, 


opprimido, 


oppresso 


possuir, 


to possess, 


possuido, 


possesso 


reprimir, 


to surpress, 


reprimido, 


represso 


submergir, 


to submerge, 


submergido, 


submerso 


supprimir, 


to oppress, 


supprimido, 


suppresso 


surgir, 


to anchor, 


surgido, 


surto. 



The first or regular form of these Participles is generally 
used for the compound tenses, whilst the second or irregular 
form is generally used with ser or estar. 



17. 
Impersonal Verbs 

are only used in the third person Singular, they are: 



108 



to lighten 



Chover, to rain 
relampager \ 
fuzilar J 
trovejar, to thunder 
choviscar, to drizzle (rain) 
nevar, to snow 
gelar, to freeze 



cJwve, it rains 
relampaga \ {t ,j hleM 
fuzila J 
troveja, it thunders 
chovisca, it drizzles 
neva, it snows 
#e?a, it freezes. 



They follow those Conjugations to which they belong. 



Adverbs. 



18. 
1. Adverbs of Time. 



Hoje, to-day 
agora, now 
hontem, yesterday 
presentemente, at present 
antehontem, the day before 

yesterday 
antigamente, in times past 
ultimamente, lastly 
recentemente, lately 



I amanhaa, to-morrow 
fo</o, directly 

depots de amanhaa, the day 
after to-morrow 
i rfogm por diante, from hence, 

in future 
J sempre, always 
j desde, since 
I ainda, yet. 



2. Adverbs of Place. 



aqui, here 

ali, acold, there 

arriba, above 

abaixo, below 

aZe'm. on the other side 



daquem, on this side 
a maq direita, to the right 
a wiao esquerda, to the left 
d'afc", from here. 



primeiramente, firstly 
segundamente, secondly 
em terceiro lugar, thirdly 



Adverbs of Number and Comparison. 

depois, afterwards 

raramente, de maravilha, rarely 

mais, more 



109 



menos, less 

td0 } almost 

como-se J 

co mo, as 

assim, just so, the same 

melhor, lie Iter 



^e?o»', worse 
gutm, ;ilmost 
em parte, partly 
quando invito, highest 
quando menos, least. 



4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind. 



mwto, very 

Jew, good, well 

mal, bad 

_p(Wco, little 

wssaz, enough 

demasiadamenle, too much 

sufficientemente, sufficient 



abundantemente, abundantly 

mesmo, even 

apenas, scarcely 

sendo, only 

principahnente, chiefly 

em geral, generally, altogether. 



5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation. 



sun, yes 

certamente, certainly 
verdadeiramente, indeed 
nao, no 
nada, nothing 
talvez | 
pode ser ) perhaps 
qui fa f 



quando? when? 
como? how? 
p or que? why? 
quanto? how much? 
onde? where? 
aonde? whereto? 



The Adverbs are not declined, but some are compared 
like the Adjectives, as: 



mais rkamente, 
menos rkamente, 
tao rkamente, 
muito rkamente, 
o mais rkamente, 


richer 
less rich 
just as rich 
very rich 
the richest; 


hem, good, formes the Comp. 
mal, bad, 


Superl. 
melhor — optimamente 
peior — pessimamente. 



no 



extempore 



19. 
The following Adverbs are principally in use: 

de improviso 

improvisamente 

quasi, cast, almost 

entao, then 

desde entao, since 

desde quando? since when? 

de quando ha? how long ago? 

quando hem 1 even 

ainda quando \ 

quando muito, highest, at latest 

quando menos, at least 

cd, here 

alii, there 

alii, there, where (you are) 

acold, there 

tr 3 az 1 behind 
detraz ) 

para traz, backwards 

isto he, that is to say 

em vez, em lugar, instead 

tambem, also 

tanto que 1 ag soon ag 

logo que J 

acaso, accidentally 

ainda, yet 

pZnalmente, at last 

muito, much, very 

depressa, quickly 

aqui, here 

ate, until 

hem, well, good 

mal, bad 

como, how, as 

como? how? 

primeiro que, before that 

primeiro que tudo, before all 

for a, out, out of 

jd, already 

abaixo, below 

acima, above 



agora, now 

hoje, to-day 

amanhda, to-morrow 

amanhda pela manhaa, to-mor- 
row-morning 

depots de amanhda, the day 
after to-morrow 

frequentamente, frequently, of- 
ten 

nunca, never 

ordinariamente, generally 

jamais, never 

tarde, late 

cedo, early 

daqui por diante, in future 

ultimamente, lastly, at latest 

recentemente, lately 

logo, soon 

depois, afterwards 

abundantemente, abundantly 

com razao,justamente, injustice 

absolutamenle, absolutely 

jd para jd, immediately 

com conditio, under the con- 
dition 

actualmente, actually, at present 

de proposito, purposely 

admiravelmente \ admirable 

maravilhosamente I 

as mil maravilhas, exquisitely 

astutamente, artfully 

atrai^oadamente, traitorously 

de maravilha, very rarely 

a miudo, often 

™ s * m } so, equally so 

apressa, quickly, in baste 
facilmente, easily 
ao avesso, reversedly 
as avessas, reversedly 



Ill 



de balde, in vain 
antes, for, before 
juntammte, together 
enteiramente, entirely 
ao redor, round about 
loncamente, foolishly 
atrevidamente, boldly 
felizmente, happily 
vergonhosamente, infamously 
nem se quer, even if 
mais, more 
memos, less 
sim, yes 
nao, no 



onde, uli ere 
wflrfa, nothing 
de cor, by heart 
em vao, in vain 
escassamente, scarcely, 
em fin, at last 
longe, long, far 
verdadeiramente, truly 
dentro, thereinto 
os weses, sometimes 
de vagar, slowly 
quando, when 
quanto, how much. 



rarely 



Prepositions. 



20. 
The Prepositions most in use are the following 



a, to 
de, from 
em, in 

dentro, in, within 
soore, on, over 
debaixo 1 under 
soft J 
perante, before 

atom 1 behind 
traz J 

enfre, between 

para, after 

^erto 1 b 

junto J 

rfesrfe, of, from 

ate, after 



near, at 



awfes, before 
depots, after 
durante, during 
desde, since 
com, with 
excepto, except 

f°™ \ besides 
atem J 

sem, without 

contra, against 

a pezar, notwithstanding 

nao obsante, in spite of 

para com, against 

acerca, in respect 

por, through 

mediante, by means of. 



112 



21. 

The following arc used with the Genitive: 



alem dos mares, 

alem d'isso, 

acerca daquelle negocio, 

aquem or daquem dos mares, 

antes do dia, 

diante de Deos, 

dentro da igreja, 

de traz do palacio, 

debaixo da mesa, 

em cima da mesa, 

ao redor or em contomo da 

cidade, 
perto de Londres, 
fora da casa, 
fora de perigo, 
depots da cea, 
defronte de minha casa, 
defronte da igreja, 



on the other side of ihe seas 

besides this one 

as to that business 

on this side of the seas 

before daybreak 

before God 

within the church 

behind the palace 

under the table 

upon the table 

round about the town 

near London 
out of the house 
out of danger 
after the supper 
opposite to my house 
opposite the church; 



Dative: 



quanto dquillo, 

pegado a muralha, 

desde o bico do pe ate a cabeza, 



with regard to that 
at, near the wall 
from head to foot: 



Accusative. 



perante o juiz, 
durante o inverno, 
traz do templo, 
entre os homens, 
sobre a mesa, 
con forme d lei, 
segundo a ordem, 
por amor de Deos, 
pelo mundo, 
pela rua, 
contra elles, 



before the judge 

during the winter 

behind the temple 

among men 

on the table 

according to the law 

in consequence of the order 

for God's sake 

through the world 

through the street 

against them. 



13 



A (to), eu vou a Londres, I go to London, 

voltar a Portugal, to return to Portugal, 

nao tern nada que fazer 1 he hag nothi t0 do> 

nao tern nada a fazer J 

De (from), vir de Franca, I come from France, 
vir das Indias, I come from India, 
sahir de Londres, I go from London 

(to leave London), 
de noite, by night, 
de dia, by day. 

Por (by, from), por mar e por terra, by sea and by land. 



Conjunctions. 



22. 



also 



E, and 

tambem 

outrosim 

tambem — como, as well — as 

nao somente — mas tambem, 

not only — but also 
ora — ora, soon — soon 
em primeiro lugar, firstly 
entao, then 
alem disso 1 furlher 
de mais J 
depot's, afterwards 
em fim, at last 
em parte — em parte, partly 

— partly 
ou — ou, either — or 



nem — nem, neither — nor 

tao, so 

assim, thus 

porem 1 but 

mas i 

com tudo, notwithstanding 

ainda que, although 

assim, therefore 

porque, because 

pois, there 

a fim, that 

se nao, else 

com tanto que, taking for granted 

that 
bem que, certainly, indeed. 



que, that 

nomeadamente, namely 
se, whether 

AHN, Portuguese Gramma 



23. 



como, as 
a saber, viz 
excepto, alem, except 



114 



onde, where 

donde, whence 

quando, when 

desde que, since 

durante que, whilst, during 

antes, before 

depots que 1 afterwartls 

depots de J 

como, as 

como tambem, as soon as 

tao — como, so — as 

assim — que, so that 



por isso, why 

porque, because 

por, pots, there 

afim que \ that 

para que J 

se, if 

se, posto que, in case 

se nao que, if not 

com tanto que, in case 

ainda que, although 

nao obstante, notwithstanding 

tanto — tanto, the — the. 



Exam 

Francezes e Inglezcs. 

Nem este, nem aquelle. 

Ou este, ou aquelle. 

Nem mat's, nem menos. 

Quer o faca, quer nao, tudo 

para mim he o mesmo. 
Quer seja verdade, quer nao. 
Antes quero pedir que furtar. 
Antes morrerei que dizer-volo. 



pies. 

Frenchmen and Englishmen. 
Neither these, nor those. 
Either this one, or that one. 
Neither more, nor less. 
It is indifferent to me whether 

he does it or not. 
Whether it he true or not. 
I will rather beg than steal. 
I will rather die than tell it 

to you. 



Interjections 

may be divided according to the various passions or emotions 
expressed by them. 

Of Joy: Ah! ho! 



At! 



apre 



Of Pain: 

Of Fear: At Jesus! eh, eh! at de mim! 

Of Abhorrence: Va-se embora! passa fora! 

Of Surprise: Oh! Ah! 

Urging or Exhorting: Ora vamos! animo , animo! 

arreda! hola! sentido! 
Silencing: Chiton! calla a boca! calai-vos! 
Wishing; provera a Deos! 



Reading Lessons. 



1. 

Em um ajuntamento 1 tie senhoras e homens suscitou-se 2 
a questao 3 de qual era o paiz 4 melhor 5 para se habitar 6 ; e 
tlizendo uma que Londres, outra que Pariz, este que o Brazil, 
aquelle que a Austria ou a Italia, disse uma senhora mui 
presumida 7 : „Pois 8 eu dou 9 a primazia 10 ao celibato, pois 
tenho ouvido dizer a meu irmao padre 11 , que he de todos os 
estados o mais perfeito." 

1 meeting-. 2 to ask. 3 the question. 4 land. 5 better. 6 to live. 
7 presumptuous. 8 as. 9 1 give. 10 the preference. 11 the 
priest. 



Certo 1 juiz de f6ra 2 tendo queixas do povo 3 que os ar- 
rematantes da vacca 4 so matavao 5 um boi 6 cada dia d'assouge 7 , 
e que este nao chegava 8 para todos, e ao mesmo tempo 9 
ouvindo dizer aos ditos arrematanles que dous bois erao de 
sobejo 10 ; mandou 11 por seu respeitando despacho que cada 
dia d'assougue se matasse boi e meio. 

1 a certain. 2 judge who has studied. 3 the people. 4 the privi- 
ledged butchers of beef. 5 malar, to kill, to slaughter. 6 the 
ox. 7 agougue, the slaughter-house. 8 chegar, to suffice. 9 at 
the same time. 10 too much. 11 to order. 



3. 

Dizia o P. Antonio Vieira, que toda a fortuna d'um ho- 

mem de corte 1 consistia em saber adular 2 , mentir 3 , furtar 4 , 
e repartir 5 . 

1 courtier. 2 to flatter. 3 to lie. 4 to steal. 5 to divide. 



116 

4. 

Na desgracada 1 morte 2 do Principe D. Affonso, disse EI- 
Rei Dom Joao II. seu pai: „No excessivo sentimento em que 
vivo da morte de meu filho, so me consola parecer-me que 
Deos se lembrou 3 d'este reino 4 ; porque o Principe nao era 
para Rei dos Portuguezes: os Portuguezes hao de mister Rei 
de bronze. Era o Principe inclinado a delicias 5 . 

1 unfortunate. 2 death. 3 lembrar-se , to remember. 4 kingdom. 
5 pleasure. 



Levantando 1 El-Rei D. Joao I. o sitio 2 , que tinha posto 
a Coria, disse: ,, Grande falta 3 nos fizerao os cavalheiros da 
taboa redonda 4 ; porque se elles aqui estiverao, nao nos le- 
vantaramos desta cidade sem a render 5 . Respondeo Mem 
Rodrigues de Vasconcellos: „Nao faltarao por certo, senbor, 
aqui esses cavalbeiros; porque aqui esta Martini Vasques da 
Cunha, que be tao bom, como dizem o foi D. Galaz; Goucalo 
Vasques Coutinho, que he tao bom como D. Tristao; Joao 
Fernandes Pacheco, que nao deve nada a Lancarote; e aqui 
estou eu, que nao mereco 6 menos 7 que qualquer d'elles: 
certo he, senhor, que so faltou aqui o bom Rei Artur, que os 
sabia estimar, e animar com merces grandes. 

1 to raise. 2 the siege. 3 want. 4 round table. 5 surrender. 6 
to be worth. 7 less. 



6. 

Quando El-Rei D. Sebastiao quiz 1 fazer 2 a Jornada de 
Africa, determinou avistar-se em N. Senhora de Guadalupe 
com El-Rei Philippe seu tio 3 ; para se ajustar 4 esta funccao 5 
veio 6 de Castella o duque 7 d'Alva, cavalheiro mui soberbo 8 , e 
pouco affeicoado aos Portuguezes, e de ca foi o conde 9 de 
Redondo. Entre a pratica 10 que tiverao, lhe perguntou 11 o 
duque que fidalgos vinhao com El-Rei Dom Sebastiao; por- 
que com El-Rei vinba elle, e outros como elle. Respondeo- 
lhe o conde: „Com El Rei meu senhor vem o duque deRra- 

1 querer, to wish. 2 to make. 3 uncle. 4 to arrange. 5 business. 
6 he came (vir). 7 duke. 8 proud. 9 the count. 10 the dis- 
cussion. 11 to ask. 



117 

ganca, o de Aveiro, e o marquez 12 de Villa-Real; e fidalgos 
razos 13 , como eu e vos, vem niuitos." 

12 marquis. 13 the low gentry. 



7. 

Pedindo 1 um pobre 2 esmola 3 a Philippe II. lhe dizia 
que se lembrasse erao irmaos; e pergunlando-lhe El-Rei por 
que quarte, respondeo por Adao. Mandoui 4 -lhe El-Rei dar 
um real. Replicou D o pobre que aquella esmola nao era d'um 
irmao Rei. „Se a todos os meus irmaos", disse Philippe, 
„eu desse outro tanto 6 , ja nao teria 7 real que dar." 

1 pedir, to beg. 2 poor. 3 alms. 4 ordered. 5 reply. 6 just as 
much. 7 1 would have. 



Christovao Colon foi o primeiro que com audaz 1 forla- 
leza 2 navegou o oceano, o descobrio 3 as Indias de Castella; 
pelo que mereceo que os Reis Catholicos o fizessem duque 
de Reraguas. Estava uma noite 4 ceando 5 com outros cava- 
Iheiros seus amigos; e dizendo-lhe um que aquella fa pan ha a 
poderia obrar qualquer outro, se lhe dessem o socorro u , que 
fosse necessario, dissimulou Christovao Colon, e tirando um 
ovo 7 do prato, perguntou aos demais fidalgos se poderia al- 
gum fazer que aquelle ovo estivesse levantado 8 , sem que se 
arrimasse 9 a cousa alguma? Responderao todos, que nao po- 
dia ser 10 . Pegou" no ovo Christovao Colon, e dando com elle 
mansamente 12 na mesa 13 , lhe fez uma pequena 14 m6ssa 15 , e 
o poz muito direito. Rirao-se 16 todos, e disse Colon: „Nen- 
hum " de "Vossas Merces 18 ha que nao acha facil navegar 
o oceano, depois que eu de lei vim; por^m he certo, que se 
eu nao f6ra o primeiro, nenhum seria o segundo." 

1 audacious. 2 fortitude. 3 discovered. 4 night. 5 eear, to sup. 
6 assistance. 7 egg. 8 to stand erect. 9 to assist. 10 that it could 
not be. 11 pegar, to take up. 12 quiet. 13 table. 14 small. 
15 break. 16 rir-se, to laugh. 17 nobody. 18 of your honours. 



IS 



9. 



Um Mahometano consultando a Aischeh raulher de Maho- 
meto, Hie pedio uma regra ' para bem viver; e ella Ihe re- 
spondeo: „Reconhece 2 um so Deos, refrea 3 a tua lingua, re- 
prime 4 as tuas paixoes 5 , adquire sciencia, vive constante na 
tua religiao, abstem-te de fazer mal u , frequenta os bons, en- 
cobre 7 os defeitos do teu proximo 8 , soccorre 9 os pobres, e 
espera a eternidade por recompensa. 

1 rule. 2 recognise. 3 restrict. 4 surpress. 5 passions. 6 to do 



evil. 



i, recognise, o lesuici. t suipr 
7 cover. 8 neighbour. 9 assist, 



10. 

Querendo certo homem desquitar-se 1 de sua mulber, com 
quern tinha pouca paz 2 , appareceo 3 para este fim 4 diante 5 do 
Provisor. Estranhou 6 elle a proposta 7 , porque conhecia a 
mulher, e era de boas qualidades: „Porque quereis deixar 8 
vossa mulher?" (Ihe perguntou o Provisor): „Nao he virtuo- 
sa?" — „Sim, senhor"; respondeo o homem. — „Nao he 
rica?" — „Sim, senhor." Emflm 9 a todas as cousas, sobre 
que era perguntado, respondia em abono seu. Com que Ihe 
disse o Provisor: ,,Pois se vossa mulher tem tantas cousas 
boas, porque quereis desquitar-vos della?" A isto o homem, 
descalcando 10 um sapato 11 , perguntou ao Provisor: „Senhor, 
este sapato nao he novo?" — ,,Sim", respondeo o Provisor. 
Accrescentou 12 : „nao esta" bem feito 13 ?" — „Sim, ao que pa- 
rece", respondeo o Provisor. — „Nao he de bom cordavao, 
e de boa sola?" — Respondeo do mesmo modo que sim. 
„Pois v6 Vossa -Merce" com tudo isso 14 (disse o descontente 
marido 15 ), pois eu quero tirar este sapato, e calcar outro, 
porque eu sei muito bem aonde 16 me aperta", e faz mancar 18 , 
e Vossa Merc6 nao o sabe. 

1 to divorce. 2 peace. 3 appeared. 4 for this purpose. 5 before. 
6 to surprise. 7 the proposition. 8 to leave. 9 in fine. 10 to 
take off. 11 the shoe. 12 to add. 13 fazer, to make. 14 with 
all that. 15 husband. 16 where. 17 pinch. 18 to make tame. 



119 

11. 

B o 1 o c u d o s. 

Esles Indios dominao 1 na cordilheira 2 habitada 3 por sens 
maiores 4 os Aimores, de cuja 5 barbaridade ainda guardao se- 
mentes. Quando os Portuguezes comecarao a povoar 7 o 
Brazil tiverao de guerrear com os ferozes 8 Aimores, a quern 
dizem 9 que derao 10 o nome de Botocudos, de boto, e codea 11 , 
por isso que os Indios desta nacao 12 erao rolhos, e traziao' 3 
o corpo 14 coberto d'uma codea de gomma 15 copal com que se 
pintavao 16 para se preservarem das ferretoadas 17 dos mosqui- 
tos e outros insectos. Os Botocudos sao mais brancos 18 que 
a maior parte dos demais 19 Indios do Brazil, porem, como 
seus ascendentes os Aimores, costumao' 20 pintar a cara 21 e 
mais partes do corpo. Dividem-se em varias tribus ou cabil- 
das 22 , cada 23 uma com seu cabo 24 , que tern urn poder 25 ab- 
soluto sobre os sens 20 em os negocios de maior importancia 
como sao a caca 27 , a guerra 28 e a escolha 29 de uma nova 
morada 30 ; mas na aldea 31 limila-se toda a sua autoridade a 
comp6r as desavencas que sao entre elles mui frequences. 
Este lugar nao he heredit<!rio , escoliie-se para elle o mais 
bravo, e por vezes 32 o mais alrevido 33 se proclama por cbefe 
da tribu, sobre tudo se por ventura o que os commandava 
vem a morrer. Os Botocudos tern as espadoas 34 largas, o 
pescoco 35 curto, o nariz 36 chato, as macaas 37 do roslo pro- 
eminentes, os pes 38 pequenos, as extremidades inl'eriores del- 
gadas 30 , mas nervosas. Furao as orelhas 10 , e o beico infe- 
rior 41 , e enfiao no buraco 42 uma rodella de p3o 43 . Sao vinga- 
tivos 44 e traidores 45 , posto que tinhao um exterior alegre e 
urn ar 46 de franqueza. Nao tern especie alguma de culto; 
considerao 47 o sol 48 como uma divindade a que cbamao 49 , e 
reverenceao ainda mais a lua 50 , quando com sua luz os pro- 
tege em suas excursoes nocturnas. Amao e imilao as cere- 
monias religiosas dos christaos, qua n to isto p6de compade- 

1 govern. 2 mountain chain. 3 inhabited. 4 ancestors. 5 whose. 
6 to begin. 7 to populate. 8 wild. 9 dizer, to say. 10 they 
gave {da?'), tl the rind. 12 nation. 13 to carry. 14 the body. 
15 gum. 16 pintar, to paint. 17 sting. 18 white. 19 the 
others. 20 to have the practice. 21 face. 22 hordes. 23 each. 
24 leader. 25 power. 26 over his tribe. 27 the chase. 28 war. 
29 the choice. 30 place of residence. 31 village. 32 sometimes. 
33 bold. 34 shoulder. 35 neck. 36 nose. 37 cheeks. 38 foot. 
39 thin. 40 ears. 41 the underlip. 42 a hole. 43 wooden. 44 
vindictive. 45 traitorous. 46 an air. 47 to look upon. 48 the 
sun. 49 to call. 50 the moon. 



120 

cer-se com a vida nomada que fazem, assim que sao de todos 
os Indios os que mais custao a civilizar-se. 



12. 
As grutas 1 do inferno 2 . 

Deo-se 3 este nome as cavernas naturaes que se achao 4 
na montanha em que estao assentadas a povoacao e fortaleza 5 
da Nova - Coimbra , na provincia de 3Iato-Grosso e sobre a 
margem direita 6 do Paraguai. No vertente 7 septentrional 8 da 
montanha existe uma abertura que da" passo a duas especies 
de antecamaras, 1 de braca 10 e meia de comprido 11 , e 1 de 
largo 12 , e outra algum tanto maior. Desce-se para ellas por 
uma ladeira que tem obra de 20 bracas de comprimento 13 , 
guarnecida de estalactitas, que provem da filtracao continua da 
abobada. No cabo 14 da ladeira entra-se n'uma salla parecida 
com uma mesquita 15 , de cuja abobada pendem estalactitas de 
differentes formas e tamanlios 16 , e o mesmo se observa no 
cbao. A' esquerda 17 a parede sjs acha revestida d'uma in- 
crustacao d'espalto, que com o reflexo da luz arremeda uma 
soberba cascata. Pode esta salla ter 50 bracas de comprido 
e IS de largo, e no fundo della existe urn espaco de 6 bracas 
pelo menos coberto d'agua limpida porem de mao sabor 18 , 
que da da parte de fora 19 origem a urn ribeiro 20 represado 
i'requentemente pelas aguas do Paraguai, nas cbeias 21 que ala- 
gao todos os annos por varias vezes os campos vizinhos. Os 
naturaes 22 do paiz nao se atreviao 23 a entrar n'estas grutas 
que forao pela primeira vez exploradas pelo engenheiro 24 Ri- 
cardo Franco d'Almeida Serra, em 1791, levando em sua 
companbia o naturalista Alexandre Rodriguez Ferreira que as 
debuxou 25 e descreveo 20 . Em 1795, varias pessoas 27 curiosas 
entrarao n'ellas e com fachas virao que no ribeiro que as 
aguas ali formavao baviao jacares 28 , e que um d'elles tinha 
uma pata de menos. 

1 grollo. 2 hell. 3 one has given. 4 to find, achar-se. 5 the 
fortress. 6 on the right shore. 7 slope. 8 northern. 9 which 
forms the entrance. 10 fathom. 11 long. 12 wide. 13 length. 
14 at the end. 15 Mosque. 16 size. 17 on the left. 18 bad 
taste. 19 from the outside. 20 rivulet. 21 inundation. 22 inha- 
bitants. 23 attempt. 24 engineer. 25 to draw. 26 to describe. 
27 persons. 28 crocodile. 



Idiomatic Expressions 



Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc. 



Andar a pe. 


To go on foot. 


Andar de pe. 


To be unwell. 


Andar a cavallo. 


To go on horseback. 


Andar em coche. 


To drive in a carriage. 


Andar a vela. 


To take a sail. 


Andar para diante. 


To go forward. 


Andar para traz. 


To go backward. 


Andar a traz de alguem. 


To follow some one. 


Andar com o tempo. 


To go with the times. 


Andar perdido. 


To go astray. 


Andar com honra. 


To act honorably. 


Andar de esguelha. 


To go badly. 


Andar de mal para peor. 


Out of the frying-pan into 




the fire. 


Com o andar do tempo. 


In the course of time. 


Andar de galope. 


To canter. 


Dar um passeio, uma volta. 


To take a walk. 


Dar a entender. 


To give to understand. 


Dar fe. 


To believe, to credit. 


Dar fiado. 


To give credit. 


Dar a luz. 


To publish. 


Dar principio. 


To begin. 


Dar fim. 


To end. 


Dar os bom dias. 


To say good day. 


Dar os parabens. 


To congratulate. 


AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 


9 



122 



relogio da horas. 

Dar boa conta de si. 

Eu derei conta d'isso. 

Bar em ridicularias. 

Dar-se pressa. 

Nao se Ihe da de morrer. 

Estar escrevendo. 

Estar em pe. 

Estar assentado. 

Estd para chover. 

Estar em duvida. 

Estar na cama. 

Estar com, em, de, saiide. 

Nao estd no meu poder. 

Estar de posse. 

Fazer esmolas. 

Faz frio. 

Faz lua. 

Nao faco caso delle. 

Fazer uma festa. 

Fazer lugar. 

Ter que fazer. 

Fazer um discurso. 

Fazer uma aposta. 

Faz hoje oito dias. 

Fazer o possivel. 

Nao henho que fazer com 

isso. 
Fazer-se velho. 
Fazer-se feio. 

Faz-se tarde. 

Ter razao. 

Nao ter razao. 

Ter chimes. 

Que quer dizer isto? 

Isto quer dizer, que . . . 

Ha alguma cousa de novo? 

Ha muito tempo, 

Ha um anno. 

Hir por diante. 

Eilo la vai. 

Hir para traz. 

Hir buscar. 



The clock strikes. 

To behave well. 

I will be answerable for it. 

To become ridiculous. 

To be in a hurry. 

He does not fear death. 

To be writing. 

To stand erect. 

To sit. 

It is going to rain. 

To be in doubt. 

To lie in bed. 

To be well. 

It is not in my power. 

To be in possession. 

To give alms. 

It is cold. 

The moon shines. 

I do not care for him. 

To give a party. 

To make room. 

To have to do. 

To make a speech. 

To lay a wager. 

It is a week to-day. 

To do one's utmost. 

I have nothing to do with it. 

To become old. 

To become ugly. 

It is getting late. 

To be in the right. 

To be in the wrong. 

To be jealous. 

What is the meaning of it? 

It means that . . . 

Is there any news? 

It is a long time ago. 

It is a year ago. 

To go forward. 

There he goes. 

To go back. 

To fetch. 



123 



Nada se vai metis depressa que 

o tempo. 
Yai-se fazendo tarde. 
Nao tenho medo. 
Nao mais. 
Ainda nao. 
Nao o farei. 
Nao muito depots. 
Queres faze)- isso on nao? 
Urn diz sim, e outro nao. 
Nao he bom nem mdo. 
Elle ainda nao veio. 
Ate onde? 
Ate Roma. 
Ate quando? 
Ate que eu vivo. 
Como assim '? 
Comol nao quereis vir? 
Dez libras quando muito. 
Dez libras quando menos. 
Dizei muito embora o que qui- 

zerdes. 
Assim he? 
Assim seja. 

Basta assim por agora. 
Andar a passos lentes. 
A direita. 
A esquerda. 
Vir de Franca. 

Venho da casa da Senhora N. 
De madrugada. 
De noite. 
De dia. 
De verao. 

Perto de oito horas. 
Junto d cidade. 
Sobre a mesa. 
Sobre a noite. 
Sobre to das as cousas. 
Duas vezes no dia. 
Na rua. 

Em to do o tempo. 
Em premio. 



Nothing passes quicker than 

the time. 
It hecomes late. 
I have no fear. 
Nut more. 
Not yet. 

I shall not do it. 
Not long after. 
Will you do it or not? 
One says yes, the other no. 
It is neither good nor bad. 
He has not yet come. 
How far? 
To Rome. 
How long? 
As long as 1 live. 
How so? 

What! you will not come? 
At utmost ten pounds. 
At least ten pounds. 
You may say what you like. 

Is it so? 

Be it so. 

It is enough for the present. 

To go very slowly. 

To the right. 

To the left. 

To come from France. 

I come from Mrs. N. 

Early in the morning. 

By night. 

By day. 

In summer. 

Towards eight o'clock. 

Near the town. 

Upon the table. 

Towards night. 

Before all things. 

Twice a day. 

On the street. 

At all times. 

For reward. 



124 



Para que he isto? 
Para onde? 
Para que fim"? 
Palavra por palavra. 
Vai por vinho. 
Be muito atraz. 
Fazer passo atraz. 
Alguns dias atraz. 



What is that for? 

Whereto? 

For what purpose? 

Word for word. 

Fetch wine. 

Far hack. 

To take a step backwards. 

A few days ago. 



Leipsic, prinled by J. B Hirschl'eld. 



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